tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-47856312036612590782024-03-05T01:30:09.228-08:00Shiva MantisUnknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger88125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-75737158216876266132018-11-14T22:56:00.000-08:002018-11-14T22:56:12.587-08:00Elektronika Digital<div style="text-align: center;">
EELEKTRONIKA DIGITAL</div>
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A. Pengertian Elektronika Digital<br />Elektronika digital adalah sistem elektronik yang menggunakan signal digital. Signal digital didasarkan pada signal yang bersifat terputus-putus.<br />Biasanya dilambangkan dengan notasi aljabar 1 dan 0. Notasi 1 melambangkan terjadinya hubungan dan notasi 0 melambangkan tidak terjadinya hubungan.<br />Contoh yang paling gampang untuk memahami pengertian ini adalah saklar lampu. Ketika kalian tekan ON berarti terjadi hubungan sehingga dinotasikan 1. Ketika kalian tekan OFF maka akan berlaku sebaliknya.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br /><span id="more-127" style="border: 0px; font: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span>Elektronik digital merupakan aplikasi dari aljabar boolean dan digunakan pada berbagai bidang seperti komputer, telpon selular dan berbagai perangkat lain. Hal ini karena elektronik digital mempunyai beberapa keuntungan, antara lain: sistem digital mempunyai antar muka yang mudah dikendalikan dengan komputer dan perangkat lunak, penyimpanan informasi jauh lebih mudah dilakukan dalam sistem digital dibandingkan dengan analog. Namun sistem digital juga memiliki beberapa kelemahan, yaitu: pada beberapa kasus sistem digital membutuhkan lebih banyak energi, lebih mahal dan rapuh.<br />
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B. Gerbang Logika<br />Elektronik digital atau atau rangkaian digital apapun tersusun dari apa yang disebut sebagai gerbang logika. Gerbang logika melakukan operasi logika pada satu atau lebih input dan menghasilkan ouput yang tunggal. Output yang dihasilkan merupakan hasil dari serangkaian operasi logika berdasarkan prinsip prinsip aljabar boolean. Dalam pengertian elektronik, input dan output ini diwujudkan dan voltase atau arus (tergantung dari tipe elektronik yang digunakan).<br />Setiap gerbang logika membutuhkan daya yang digunakan sebagai sumber dan tempat buangan dari arus untuk memperoleh voltase yang sesuai.<br />Pada diagram rangkaian logika, biasanya daya tidak dicantumkan. Dalam aplikasinya, gerbang logika adalah blok-blok penyusun dari perangkat keras elektronik. Gerbang logika ini dibuat dengan menggunakan transistor. Seberapa banyak transistor yang dibutuhkan, tergantung dari bentuk gerbang logika. Dasar pembentukan gerbang logika adalah tabel kebenaran (truth table). Ada tiga bentuk dasar dari tabel kebenaran yaitu AND, OR, dan NOT. Berikut adalah tabel-tabel dan bentuk gerbang logikanya.</div>
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Penjelasan dari Gambar 1 di atas adalah sebagai berikut:<br />– Pada AND, bila ada dua buah input A dan B maka output atau signal hanya dihasilkan jika A = 1 dan B = 1.<br />– Pada OR, bila ada dua buah input A dan B maka output atau signal akan dihasilkan jika salah satu atau kedua input bernilai 1<br />– Pada NOT, bila ada satu input mempunyai nilai tertentu maka operasi NOT akan menghasilkan output / signal yang merupakan kebalikan dari nilai inputnya.</div>
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Selain bentuk dasar di atas, beberapa bentuk yang merupakan turunan dari bentuk dasar juga penting diketahui. Gambar 2. menampilkan bentuk tabel kebenaran dan gerbang logika NAND, NOR, dan XOR. NAND adalah hasil operasi NOT + AND, NOR adalah operasi NOT + OR sedangkan XOR adalah ekslusif OR. NAND dan NOR merupakan bentuk gerbang logika yang banyak sekali digunakan untuk membangun perangkat elektronik digital.</div>
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C. Rangkaian Digital<br />Pada sub bab di atas kita telah belajar tentang bentuk-bentuk gerbang logika berdasarkan tabel kebenaran. Sebuah rangkaian digital sebenarnya disusun dari satu atau lebih gerbang logika ini. Perhatikan contoh pada Gambar 3. berikut ini. Kalau kita perhatikan pada gambar tersebut, pada bagian atas terlihat ada empat notasi gerban logika NAND, satu pin untuk sumber daya 5 V dan satu pin untuk ground. Sedangkan pada bagian bawah adalah representasi dari rangkaian digital ini, yaitu sebuah chip 7400.</div>
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Sumber : https://bambangherlandi.web.id/elektronika-digital/</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-22604431934999816022018-11-14T22:49:00.003-08:002018-11-14T22:49:30.261-08:00Elektronika Analog <div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;">ELEKTRONIKA ANALOG </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Elektronika Analog</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Ilmu <a href="http://abi-blog.com/elektronika/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">Elektronika</a> merupakan ilmu dan pengetahuan yang mempelajari <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">elektron</em> atau partikel yang membawa muatan dalam media <a href="http://abi-blog.com/semikonduktor/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">semikonduktor</a>, udara, dan pada ruang hampa. Sedangkan <a href="http://abi-blog.com/elektronika-analog/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">elektronika analog</a> adalah bagian dari ilmu <a href="http://abi-blog.com/tag/elektronika/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">elektronika</a> yang berhubungan dengan sinyal analog dan sinyal <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">sinuosonidal.</em></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Mungkin bagi sebagian pembaca yang di luar komunitas elektronika, pastinya masih awam dan asing dengan <a href="http://abi-blog.com/arsip/istilah/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">istilah</a> elektronika analog ini. Untuk itu pada kesempatan kali ini, kami ingin mengulas sedikit mengenai ilmu ini. Silahkan disimak.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Aplikasi Elektronika Analog</span></h2>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Penerapan sinyal analog yang paling banyak kita jumpai adalah pada radio <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">konvensioanl</em> dan televisi konvensional, sinyal video, serta sinyal gambar pada<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"> forto konvensional</em>.</span></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Data Analog</em></h3>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1. Rentan terhadap<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"> Noise</em></span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Nois</em>e merupakan sinyal tambahan yang dapat menyebabkan hambatan atau melambatnya <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">transfer</em>informasi. Beberapa hal yang menyebabkan munculnya <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">noise</em> adalah :</span></div>
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<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Penyetingan yang tidak tepat</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Terdapat kerusakan pada alat</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Terjadi kontrol respon sinya yang tidak tepat</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Adanya <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">delay</em></span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">EMI</span>, yang terjadi pada aktivitas sinyal bolak-bali, seperti pada kabel aki mobil</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><span style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">RFI</span> (<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Radio Frequency Interference</em>), terjadi pada dua sinyal dengan fungsi sama yang diletakkan secara berdekatan. Seperti penggunaan <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">sinyal radi</em>o yang tidak berfungsi jika diletakkan berdekatan dengan sinyal radio lainnya.</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white;">2. Membawa informasi dengan mengubah karakteristik gelombang</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3.<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"> Signal</em> yang diterima diproses dengan di-amplifikasi dan diulang.</span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;">4. Kualitas <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">signal</em> diukur dalam satuan <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">S/N</em></span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;">5. Mudah terjadi <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">crosstalk.</em></span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;">6. Bentuk sinyal <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">kontinyu.</em></span></h4>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Pada data analog, Anda dapat mengetahui 3 variabel dengan bentuk gelombang sinus yaitu sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><a href="http://abi-blog.com/frekuensi/" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-decoration-line: none; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px; transition: all 0.25s ease 0s;">Frekuensi</a></em> : jumlah gelombang dalam satu menit</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Amplitudo</em> : tinggi dari gelombang sinyal analog dalam waktu detik</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;"><em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Phase</em> : besar sudut dari sinyal analog</span></li>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Sinyal analog digunakan pertama kali pada sekitar tahun <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">1800</em>-an. Yang dimanfaatkan dalam kabel telepon yang terbuat dari tembaga.</span></div>
<h3 style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.1; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">
<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">Teknologi Analog</em></h3>
<ol style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 11.5px; margin-top: 0px; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Tidak dapat digunakan untuk memberikan informasi dalam jumlah banyak.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Sebagai komunikasi dengan lalu lintas rendah.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Sistem informasi dirasakan kurang <em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;">fleksibel</em>.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Mudah terjadi error.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Pengiriman data membutuhkan waktu yang cukup lama.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Belum memungkinkan layanan baru.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Biaya relatif mahal.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Daya tahan kurang lama.</span></li>
<li style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"><span style="background-color: white;">Penggunaan berulang dapat berpengaruh pada kualitas dan kuantitas.</span></li>
</ol>
<div>
<span style="font-family: Roboto, Helvetica Neue, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Sumber : http://abi-blog.com/elektronika-analog/</span></span></div>
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<em style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; backface-visibility: hidden !important; box-sizing: border-box; text-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.024) 1px 1px 1px;"></em></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-58499854418212033302018-11-14T22:44:00.002-08:002018-11-14T22:44:18.908-08:00Sifat Bahan Isolator <div style="text-align: center;">
SIFAT BAHAN ISOLATOR</div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
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<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;">Sifat Bahan Isolator</span><br style="background-color: ivory; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span><span style="background-color: ivory; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Bahan yang disebut sebagai bahan isolator adalah bahan dielektrik, ini disebabkan jumlah elektron yang terikat oleh gaya tarik inti sangat kuat. Elektro-elektronya sulit untuk bergerak atau bahkan tidak sangat sulit berpindah, walaupun telah terkena dorongan dari luar. Bahan isolator sering digunakan untuk bahan penyekat (dielektrik). Pentyekat listrik terutama dimaksudkan agar listrik tidak dapat mengalir jika pada bahan penyekat tersebut diberi tegangan listrik. Untuk dapat memenuhi persyaratan tersebut, diperlukan jenis bahan yang sesuai. Selain syarat tersebut juga diperlukan syarat yang lain yang dipertimbangkan untuk memenuhi pemakaianya, antara lain :</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk Sifat Bahan Isolator" src="data:image/jpeg;base64,/9j/4AAQSkZJRgABAQAAAQABAAD/2wCEAAkGBxITEhUSExMVFRUVGBUXGBcYFxgYGBgXFxgYGBgZFxcYHSggGB0lGxgYIjEhJSkrLi4uGB8zODMtNygtLysBCgoKDg0OGxAQGDUmHyUtLTAtKy0rKy0rLS0tNS0tLS0vLS4tLS01Ky0tLS0rLS0tMi0tLS8tMS01Ly0tLS0tK//AABEIAMwA9wMBIgACEQEDEQH/xAAcAAABBAMBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAABAUGBwECAwj/xABJEAACAQIEAwUEBgYHBgcBAAABAgMAEQQSITEFBkETIlFhcQcygZEUQlJyobEjM2KCwdEIJENTkrLwFRaDosLxJSZjs8PS4XP/xAAZAQEAAwEBAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAQIDBAX/xAAvEQACAgECAgkDBAMAAAAAAAAAAQIRAyExElEEEzJBYXGRofAigdEUI0KxBcHh/9oADAMBAAIRAxEAPwC76KK44vECNSx2H4+VQErOrG29N2I45CugJY/si/47UzYrEtL7x03y7ADp6+ppteVU0VASNySfwFYyy8jqh0dfyHibmVie5ECPNrkeZAFEPMM17GG412uNfxFMoxjkjawtYW/mazPKxOrH/Eev5VTrHzNlghyH1eYXDWeE2vuCdvlr+FOK8agJy5xfzBA+ZFqh5dhs5v4eW1ya6rbJmlZE8GNlJ+HX1AqVkkVlggTsGimflviIlVlBzdkQmboTa9h42BFPFbp2rOKUeF0FFFFSVCk2Px8cK55GCjz3J8ANyaYuMc0qpMcGV3G7kjIvn5/l67Uwv3j2ksmeTfXYDrb7A28/LpWcsiR0Y+juWrJFHzYhJ/RSAC1icov8L6HwHWnHBcZikF7lfJtPx2/GoTPOFW9yR46gegXe350jMpYZn2J0W9i1vTYD/wDKz6yVnRLo0KLTBraoVyfxtzJ2MhuCO5sLW1yjqdPXapoK3jK0cU4ODpmaxeoxzZHP2kBjxJhQtlIF7kkFr3sQfd2PiacRwlj72KxB/ejX/Igo2+RA7XrBa1RhzgM7I+LfMvvBsVKtvLRwK3WPhwNxZyNQbySm/lq1V4n3iiQHFIPrL8xXDEcVgQXeVFA3JIA+e1QTmmTCYeIzZp7Z0BDRsFALAWUvCfIb9b0uwmKigOcxIjFQe+zNZdwQCigfCr3ewokP+82EvYTBjYmyAudLdFBPWsjmGM+7HiG9MPNb5lAKR4TjDPISqdqcoACWFhmFzdnt1HnoPDVaMfiCxAw1rAHvSqBrfS6hv9EVR2u/2JVGDxlz7uFxJ/dRf87imfH8z4pMTBD9EZVla12JdrDVrdjmRbDXvNfytT2JcYf7KAeszn8oqrTnrnWbD4+KIFQ6JJcBGKqzBchUsVzXuQTsB40jfiC2sLKWFypU+BrtTDypj5JYUMskTPkBcKRmUvdlDKPdOW2niDT9WhUKKKKA5yOALkgAbkmw+ZqMc18SUdnldW94kAq19rXHpelfM+JPdjBAzXJF7FgNgPjv8KjjqQmU6jfLc6jW4sdD47HasMk/4nVgxbTZxxfHxYLka7DXawtta41/CucOKhYXzOt9BmTw8CpNq4fRcO5sUsxvZg5Gvgb6eOtcTgbADOVNza4v5E5sw636VnVnXSQ6Li4gL5wwHhv8ib3vXDEcYhQAgFydgBax21LWy/nTU2DcALoxJ+rre3xv8xWV4aWOZyVF75Qtmv5swH5Giiu8nQziOYZjfIFiHiO8xFurt5HoBSPDTCRyzsGfqTYkn19PWnvDcLhO0Yb7zufytp5ZfKlPGMUywSFLAInRQoFyALAWsb7bnSrabIhaPYfvZ9FaGU2tmmY/JVFSimvlvALDh0UFjm75Lb5n7x/GkfH+ZkhvHFaSbwv3U85D09NzW60Wp50k8k3wjrxHiMUC55XCjp1JPgoGrHyFQrivGZsScovHEdkUjO4G5Y3sBfQk90ftUgMcs753e/QysLADqsSbEX/LXzUyYlIkNiQNjI2VpJDsMq2sSNgdh57VnKTex1QwqG+rOkWFEQAypfQkG+Vb7FjbVj0vrrsopFieJlb95SbjMwsVHkLDvH0uB0uRekWIxIYDtGyrc2QahdN3Nv0knlWVYApnTXeOAAnU/XlOt2t9X8qrRs3RsCTaSUElv1cYuCR0JG4Hn16eNaytrrq53tsv7K+Y8dh+NaTtqdc7se8175fFQb6nz6bCs4eG5yqN9NOp8B5eflRpJFNWKOX4pWxMZjBJU3Nj9Ubi56a1awqDcoIVxJVdQEbORqL3FlHkD8zU6FXxbWc3SH9VFRe3biE8bYQRvIq9or2Ajy51zFTdtc4tpfu+N6s7gkrNh4mcksyIWLZMxJUXJ7Pu3+7p4VVXt8jHaYM5R+sRb5LmxL6Z76j9j0q1OCC2HiFrdxNMuXoPqjb0rU5yLcC4/hTxXE4SNEVgqd5UsSwvnUkeFr365vLV84viJ1xMCJNHGkmcZWTMWKrmNvQa2BGxOoBqvuWFP+8mKPd93p5hvx8aXe0l2HFeF2NhnNtSNe8Dt5VFAZ/b7hJOxw7vIHCswt2SC2Yps5bMvoAQetrU5NM2D4CJRI2kZUJaCJbsWtbs0a+v1c3eva4vWn9IBP6rEeob9jqydT3x+78a68ypbl2wJHcOwj197Q9mMo9RSiTpw3jGbAQYyTEOolaKMoZWfvsVVt3UDvG1gO7fewJqX4XhBy3OY31BE8iaWFv1ZN9t79aqLjqX4Fw7vH9bHvYfY28QPGr04Z+pi69xNf3RSrAlh4JFlAYMxsL5pJG167tXnn2xYNIeJSFUVQyjQaXsqD+9OvwT0O9emq86e23TiVzqMjafupb+zHU+L+o6EkhZMfYZxRJ45Uk706MhzZXN0CBVJY92979bk3NW1VFf0ef12I1b3F0+qdtT51etSGFFFFCCD+0yEFYGP2yPgbGkM+NjQKXbKXOULlJFwRe1hoNQaevaJhnbDqyqWySAtYXIUgi+mtgSP9Co1jzeXC6Cwlv43uE29RrWE1qd+F/tqjriFVmvmsdtRmGnxFDSdnYdDYjwPjYGkGHxMgXMWBPauuv2crFRcftLa+uhpXw3iYkV2Iy5DcljcAbbm1tf4VlwtG/EmYWW98ovbXT+Ntq6NhWtuB6bD42rpBi8xspRj4Aqx08lN+v41rjnVLdoyoeise95d06n4U1J0N0gC63u3QjYfzJ6UycflIZYVbKGF3U91dSMpP51pjOKySFYoFdGJvmD2Zum4HdHW9+lK4eDJa8paRza5JzXt45tSD629auo8OrKtt6DrzDzbnUQ4dmVSAM6jvsNhk6qD4/LXSkGD4cY1LSLl3IQ90ADUu5OptfUk2HqbUqjwdmDqihgd7LfbcH5DelBwskj3LqR72R1LK7A3QMbjur0XYHXU1PGnoyihwLQbMZxIkKo1ze6o3fzt9SO3ja+vuimrF4q2pYu50FtvDLCPDW2a3kLddcd20TNG6jtJSCUUZ2e+wuLkJ0te5/LoAYG0t9It3n0ZYbj3V6Z9/TUDqalIcR0iwzIQGAbEGxWNj3IltfM+ts3kdB1rDy7rG2csbPJrd2OpWP7KeJ0vSP3r6nIT3nNyZCNSL9dRt/HZTAuhI0AFvIDwFhuamytMURRgd0a7AnxO+VB4edOE36JQq/rXGpH1FOyr1zHqfTyrvgcMsMXayjvnYX28hbp4nr8qcuVME00xxLjuqTa/V+nyH8KrXE6Dlwqx45U4P2EeZrh3AuPsr0X18akFa1tW6VKjglJydsqD272z4O+W/ax7kg2/SfC3nuKtHgwH0eK1rZE2vbYbX1qsvblJZ8EL/28RtnA/vNch2+/sOtWdwlrwRm97ouubNfQfW+t61JBWvLUZ/3ixRy27gO+189j8aU+0gj/AGrwr77ePg1J+WY//MOLPZkdxDfNe1+072+t/DpSv2iMP9qcL++/+R6AS+3wXwaffHVb++nQ94/u/GlPM6/+X2Gukbe6UOwbfJpb0rh7e3/qaC9ruNLjvWdNlI73qGFvMUr5mfNwFiO/+jbUSL0DaggKD90Dy1qCSJcbivwPh17/AKyDcdCY9vLwq7OHD9FH9xP8oql+MW/2Hw8Ff7TDfWud4t7bXF9OlXTw83ijNrdxNPDQaVJAorz97bgBj0Lglckvja4VLW75G9tgvS4Nega8/wDtrVf9oxliAMkvVRoFQi941PveJfyI2oBx/o9r+lxHhlT52/71d9Uh/R7UdpiDlvZY+94XUEi3qKu+hLCiiihBoRUD5l4S0UkRjVuzEmcFVJEYuuYG2w3Iqe1hlB0O1VlGy+PI4OyqJowpFxde0y36EjtBqPQ1x4E36DEnoQR82/OpHx/lOYZzAO0DMWC5grC9yQM2hGvjemLg2ElWKdOxlzEKQOzbx0G2prGmjuU1LVMaDAOxuRud/K4/lXVm9wWtdU+Jyg770qHDcSIgpw01ySPcbrt513i5axsjKBCVACAs5ygELlPW5+ANSky3FFbszy5AtjIRcnMlgdQN7ep0+Ap4jjt8bn49L/y867jDJhx2KmxS9sw7zEalvO5/KuMcq3uToxGtxa5O5N6yk3ZZPSzmmMJGYgb66H/X/au6YsZgtt77agW0sT/OksDxhnGYArfKbmwHz8/wru0FgRcBh+I86oToc8fw1WLugyTuNJNSw0t3b7aC2lt6h+HVLZmv2IuLggGVvsr4eZ1sOt6nQXPHaRcwI1B623FQrHDNITY2BsilclgDoAn1VFa42Ul4GVkZ2F7KBsB7sa67eHqfCnvhuGW3av3Y0sVBB165vvHoP4mk3AOG9sQTfswbsx+uw2VR1UeW9qU8Uc4iZMPALgGw8z9Zj5Dxq2+hDaR3wUMmNmCr3VAvf7C/xP8AH0qxcJhljRUQWVRYD/XWkvBOFph4hGu+7H7TdTThWyVHDlycT8Arata2qTMqP25k58EBf9fH9i1/0nQ63/Dxqz+F37CO975F3tfYb5dPlVVe3m/aYI207RNclxcdp9Yak/s9atTgo/q8XTuJ0y9B9Xp6VIK05YA/3ixfct3VPvbXD6/G/wAKV+0eUjivCwPtsd/FXFIeARmLj2MmcBYgpvIWQKCL3uc37Q03B9K78742CfiGDmSdQuG77apZw+2Qs46MdTYee9gNvb5IRglFzYuvVgNHQ6i2U/vW8qUc3PfgDEkH9GfeLNfRtiwBv52AqPe2TjiYjCqBYMki6K+e6t2bhrp3BobWPUGx0py49jhJwFkjzEiPU5WI1Dad85zuNQCKAYuMn/wLhxBAtJBoBpe8Z1vuetXfw8foo/uL+QqjOJ2k4JgI81pFdCA6uigKBu2U6d2wPU+hq7uCzK8ETKbjIoBsRsLbMAelALa8/e2sA8QQG9ssnp7sZ27Qjp4J8a9A1539ty5uIqL27rb/AHUP92Pzf4UA7f0e7dtiB+ynluBfT1q8qo/+j/A6vLKQBG4CqSy95xqQBfNoPKrwFCWFFFFCDWiiioICsVmigCiiigNJYVYWZQw8CAR8jVZc5SywYhkjTs0ZbiwzFwQMxuwOW2ostqtCuOKgzrbr0Pgaho0xz4WUjDxFesSMRe1gBZrWViAL3UEn1Ouwp1g5oWwzJISLAnMDfxJOlzf/AL1L+KcLRz34kz/tKLnzDjX5U2ryzhhvECfNnYfAXrByi90divdMScP5lwzCzlo/vDMD8Vv+NqbXw0cuIdi9oSbs5GXPfZIwdWv4+FOT8s4fNmytr9QMcp28dRr5054mIpAFQEEAhAL902IFiB3Traq3Fdkur7xv45xNY17CDLmZbEqRZE+ypHUjc9BUh5B4UscHa5Tnkvqd8g923gDv8ajPLfAGxGIftjmEbWlboxGyA+dgTbYWHWrOUW0reKo5c0q+kzRRRVzmCuOMxaRLmkYKtwLk2FybC5rtSXiXD1mXKxcDX3HZL3FrHKRca7GhJXHO/EMJNiVTEwJOI7qoK2y3OjNIXVmFvqgFe8x10rsvOatHlXOFVcpjSJIwEYWQAF2BI1vZgDYbXrtguVHbE4jDripUhh7Mx3TDyk9oCzA9rExsDttvTjiuQy65DOpQWsOwRTp4tGVLfGpBWkmPljIyySkXupaKPQm17KC+X8vnW+DZmiVSsb5LqC2VWCjRBewv3QNCW+Fql3D/AGeO8YdssTG90OcEWJAuQx3Av8a2b2cTDaRT/wARh/8AGaArzE8LglaKPEzNGneOZWRnFtwFt1IGoHTWu+NwUcY7OGQlARlcizFbBgWGfQ97qAOtqm55Exa7MfhKD+YWkz8mY0fVf5RE+G+egInh4Xk3DSZfrBSxFwNwNOg8KWRxyRju9qD4FCo/ANaneblbGWIKMf8Ahn/ovXBODYmMWEdh5pOPzWgEq8QlU/r5FP73/wBRTDjOXsVxDFkxSxyFVBYyuyHXS2urXt8iPGpNLHiQLEgekhQ/iQa4DDSk90yXNh3MSttgNQb+Gp9aAk3IyM00SiFYkhGUpE1oswAzOVDBcxLG9lJPj42cKh/JOBZWLZiyqCtyQbE5TYaC/rUxoAooooDWitqKA1orasE0Biimbi/NOGg96QFvsrqagvGPadISRCqoPEi5qLFFp0VQ0vtCx97icjyypb5Wpfw32tYtCO1SOZeunZt8Cun/AC0smi55YVYWYAjzFNeJ4aw9zvD7J3HoTvSLlfnfCY2yo5SX+6ewb93o/wAD62qSiquCkWjNx2I02FxB0SJdxq7ZVHie6CSfh8aULwFmIMkm2wRbWJ82vf1sKfqKhY4os80ntoJcDgkhQRxqFUbD11JJO5J6mlFbUVejI1oraipBrW1YooBLh8AqSyTAnNLkuDawyCwtpSusUUBmisUUBmisUUBmisUUAEUj4hwyOZCjKLG2oAvob9RSyigEnDuHJCCqXsTe2mnpYUsrFFAZorFFAZooqvParzecNH9FhYiaVbsw3jjOmngzfgLnwoDtzh7SocKTFABNKNDraNDtZmHvHyHzFVTxrnjH4knPOwX7Cd1PkNT8Saj71qagG/02T7RPrr+NczjDfUb+HT4Vqa5lakCl5PDUdCNq1FzSUgileFxIOh36edVZZHaFSCCCQRqCDYgjax6VavIftHIK4fGtcHRJz08BL/8Ab5+NVfmrVmqqZNHqkGs1U/sm52JIwOIa52gc+X9mT/l+XhVsVdFArNYFZqQFFFFAYooooAoJpFxLHiIABS7voiDdj19AOppKvDGk72Ict/6a3EY8rD3vU1hPN9XBBW/ZebLqOlsVScVgU2MqX8MwP5VhOMQHTtU+Jt+dQ/jfNAS8eEVEA0MpUHbfs06/ebTyI1qLYyCeYZ5ppnB+3Kyg+kaFVt52tXDk/wAhwOnJPwSb97RvHo7l3erouZWBFxqKzVBHs4/cmnW39w05H+JDlP4098E50nh1+kSYhPszKMwHk+UP8TeumPTYtW4yXnFmccMpOoNPyZcVFQbCe0zDk5HilV7ZrKA/d2zdDa+l7VIMBzRhZWCCTI52SRWjY32sHAv8L10xyRlsxLBkW8R5oooq5iFFFFAFFFFAYkcAEk2ABJPkN68y8y8T+k4qXEEkiRyy9LJso12soAq/Of8AF9lw/EtsTGUHrIQn/VXnBqgGDrXNq3AraHCvIwRFLMdgP9aUJExrRhUkXk/EEAlo1PgSf5U2cS4LPBq63X7SnMPj1HxFQponhY3W0rm4rqBQy6VJUzFPprWXnrgFrQioomzvHiCGDAkEEEEGxBGoIPQ3r0n7PeZhj8Isht2qdyUftge8B4MNfmOleZqmXsr5j+h41c7WintHJ4A/UY+jaejGpB6OFZrArNSQFFFFAYrhjMWkS5nYKPz8gNyfKk/GeLR4ePO9zc2VRqzsdlUdSaj8fCWx+WedmjQ+7GjEG3m/n1tv8KwzZJKowVyft4s2x4k/qm6jz/BybmSNZpJT2YvlRDLKsWVAASLG7XLEnbwpq5j5yLxiNHiIc2LQyF72+pewtfr5A+NP0fBMLhZdYI+yktZ2UNkkGhDM17Bt7+N/Go5z/FHHOT3Ix2MbK2UZVImAY5euhFx1AtXnyhNRa49b1Xn76nVxYbtJ7bvwGhMLJiJjh4QpIsZHQ3sAAezjOwtcZnve5sDU85fTCwARGMxSHrKtix8n1B+d6rLlHtZWjiikTAyHK4eR2DyEqCwjiFhICTmsTsRpUh4lwaWSOaPGYrFNiEaLTtAsLRyyrGJEVFGgBNwdiPOtcXROrfEq/v4zn615dtefdX/CVmWXHsRE7Q4RSVMi3Ek5G4Q/Vj6Ztz6UHlfBs7YcwIYzErWI1DZmGYNvcjr5Uzx8vJhmkj+mY2IplMWSdmDI17KInzKWDAjQeFLeHniGGvPMv0tHC5soC4iNVvbuDuS73IWx30NdClGcklvevh3FZZJKNVUfDv8APmV3zvynJgZUbDZyL5oiNSpvY2G19bEbEHUEaVLOXca08KwSxQvmyoyMcyQzEMxCWuyqwGYLpYkgEilPPXGY5os0cgKKislt3kkYqFA3BCq9/A761HeTsMIsbiIFOpkiBF9nieEk/wDPPr5GuSTlKUop6R2fe+aNUlCMZpb6f7smsy4rBRqe0zwg942MhiU9e93ig9SQKekkxVgw7GVSLi10JB1BB1FOroCCCLg6EHqD0NMfKydn2+FvdYJLJfX9HIodR8CWX0Arq/TVtOXr+dCjyccW2la9xVBxpMwSVWhc7B9j91hoadAa44rCpIpV1DA9DTNC74WRY2JaBzZGO8bdFY9QelTxzxP9zVc+Xn+TOlLs78h/ooFFdRmQ72tn/wAMl83h/wDdU1QZFehPafBn4biB9kRv/hkUn8Aa8+GoBpU/5T4YscWdtCyh3bqEPuKPM3AA8TUCtVr4chcLNdkX3QMwvfKhIUAEXJO2/obVVq2olo6Kx17OygKgUhO0YXBJJvlUswG9jc3G1duA8HjxMQz+8VY5l8c1vEgi19NvCubuC+I6gImkgKx93tLgd3VdLk604ckYkELqNRIugZRcOT7rajQbHxqziqqiLZVXPvJr4Vy6rZDckD3SOrL4DxXp6bQo16m5i4WMRCyWGbdfXw9CNPjXmrj/AA4wTPHbQar6H+Wo+FVWjol6qxtrRx+FdLVqRVipxrIFYNFQSeoPZ9xn6XgIJibvlyP9+M5GPxtf41Iqqb2B8QvFicOfqsko/fBVv/bX51bNWRAVg1msGgIxweH6TiJMW+qxs8OHB2AU5XkA8WYHXwAp05db9AqdY7xsPNCR+Oh+NJOUGCwtAffgkkRx++WVv3lZT8a7Y2GSKQzxLnDW7WMbmwsHT9oDS3UWrnl9NT9ToyO5OPLb547jpNEGBVgCDoQRcGqr4ry82PM8kJPYYV2igRiWDumkzC+ygjKo20NWPhOMQyg5HGb7J7rA+BU61GOT4TLg8JhwSI1w8Uk52LvKufIfC5JZvUCq5XCceKOreiaMUpKST23ZX+EnAUR4qOGQdmIxG4Llkj0R9CGVlWwzAg6edPicJY9jHBikk7ZJlXtJJGEaDI5jJcllBYILdCBUx5s5Wwc8ZLlYHQXSVbAoQOo2YW0I61UoglAPa4d5Ix/arGSpAuAzIdUv/GuKcMmN05cV/wAU69EdOPJBO2qXOrJBDxmSPESLiExYeEWeWJ0mO+j5GswjI10zbjbanhvaB2JAEyYlWGhdDC6noG6f63qFRQYJl7rxJ5lghHwcj8qWQY46QxlJQ1hlw6qCfviFbP8AE1SMtH1cJRf319dDprBPXrE+S0XzyOOKxLtO0zqrvMDIqxbLKNfdItmKISTew3Ot6nvs15ZaPPi51tLKSQDqQDtr100v11NQhHImTtE7KRXukZSQHKoIZ3JAFjmAsCTr6VZ2G5yiZFyxTPIwv2caFiP3jYW+NaYK6ysuj/v582MMkJy0itFt4EmdgBcmwG5NMvLMnamfEj3JpB2fnHGqxhvRiGI8iKRPw/E4w/1n9Bh+sCtd5P8A+rj6v7I+N6k0UYUBVAAAAAGwA2r1FqYSShGrtv2N6bOZUBw0t+ikj7w1X8bU4u4AuTYDc0yPL9KcKn6hCCzdJGGoVfFb6k+VYdJmuBw73ol87imNO75D3ETYX3sL/KithRXQtigh49gu2w00P95HIg9WUgfjXmMjyt/CvVdedfaBwr6PjpktZWbtE+7J3vwOYfCgI+KtTllmfDWGY3EDNlsWMeVUcC/kGJ+PjVUE1PfZ1xgqOzuMy3AzGy2bVSba2D7+RqstGmWXImf0B1xEkjZeycZdXN2LBAq5DoACGtY69pXLhk8eHmECs7P+sJY37wAGQm1gcgBA8AT41u6dvhyuYTSw3JVZJIcxBOUsLXDC2gYEZlrlO0mIiSWJmjkXKzRBgTkJO6G3eIBK5gtwbG1bNPv+cipPcNOHUMNj+B2IPmDp8KpP2x8NCT5xpc/g4zfmD86sXl/jYNz3gBcPGfeQ6G+nrr8tCLVDvbBiEkW6kH9WAfPvG3kQOlYy0osipLVitjWDVipzZDeuiQ11gF6UBKEk99icmXGunR4W+auhH8avCqO9j6f1/wD4Un5rV40QYVg1mipIGHjPCZe0GJwrKswGV1b3JkGyvbYjo3Sky84Rx93FxS4ZuuZSyH7siAgj5VJqwVBqtcjVZE1U1fsyI8R4/wAIlF5ZYX+BLfgL1HuGSxHNDhsJNK2Z2Q9oY4+yLdwk3vpe1rX0qyRhIxqEW/3R/Ko9iOHhpniztFKGM+HlW1wHAEi2OjLmHeU7hh4XHLlwQck5Ja+HeaLLGKuKf3f4oS8F5PbP2uJYE7iKO4QerHvN86l8cSqLKAB4DT8qjQ5gxWH7uLwjsB/b4YdqhH2mi/WR+ne9a1PtD4cNDM4PgYMQD8uzrfHghj7MaOfL0rrH9b+2w/T8LgfV4YmPiyKfzFaYqWDCxNI2SKNBdiAFHyG58BuaZG5waXTB4PETk7OyGGL4vJr8hWMJy5LPIs/EHWRkN44EBEEZ8bHWRvM+dbGPEn2FYiWB54cVj51KGSB0gjO8cIBZSR0d2sx9FHSpJiuDxyhWN1kAFnU5WBt4jeuXFm7V0wy63KvL+zGpBAPmxAFvAGngVyuEMs5WrWi++pvG4RWuoyLhsamiyxyD/wBRSD81rYjHnT9Avn3jT1RUfpeU5evxlus8F6DKvBGc3xErSfsjup8hvTvFGFACgADYDat6K0x4IY9Uteb1fqVlNy3Ciiitipmq59snAjJAuKQd6Huv5xsd/wB1vwY1Y1csTCroyOAysCrA7EHQg/CgPKxrvgMY0MgkXcbjoR1Bp15z5efBYl4Tcp70bH6yE6fEbHzFMFQC2OC8bzL20LHOcuZSAc+UWCyG1wQNtQD66l/fBmTJiIB9He5zhlsGDWuTbum9tTa501FqpDh/EZIHzxtbxHQjwIqWYPnZSgSRXAHRTmX4KTYfKo45RWxakyb4qXDCbtFXtJrAMyXCAgW1N/DprvUA9oPEc7LHpcnOfL6q/hf8K74/nFSmWJGJsdW7oF+uhufwqGTzs7FmYlmNyTVEpN3IbITtWK3kFaWrQqKcEu/qKWolceHR6XpxihqCUTz2M4O+Iml+xFl+LsD/ANBq3ah3su4X2OE7QizTNn88g7q/xP71TGpQYUUUVJBiiiigCkPFeGrMo1KupzI6+8jeI8R4jrS6iqyipKmSnWoxR8Wli7uKjIt/axgsjeZA1Q+VLYeNYZtpo/iwB+R1pwtSeXAxN70aH1UH8xWPBlj2ZX5/lFri90J5OM4cf2yegYE/IXrg3EJZdIEKj+9kFgPuodWPrYU4R4SNfdRR6KB+Vd7U4Msu1Kl4b+rFxWyEnDsAsQNiWZjdmPvM3if5dKV0UVtGKiqRVu9WFFFFWICiiigCiiigM0UUUBHOd+V0x8GTRZUu0Tno3UG2uU7H4HpXnfiGDkhkaKRSjoSrKdwR+Y6g9QQa9VVE+euSYsemYWjnUWSToR9hx1Hgdx8wQPPBNCNS3jHCZsNKYZkKOvQ7EeKnZh50gNAbZrVoWrBNYoDJrWtvzp25d4Q88gyqSL9Be58qh6AV8PwZCgdal3KPLDYmUXFo1sXby8B5nb8aknAuQ2NmmOQfZ3b/APKnuCwaRIEjUKo6D8z4mqpFrOsUYUBVFgAAB0AGgFb0VX/tT4s8EmBX6TNhopZJVleFcz5RHdbLlYnvW6dTVypYFFVryHzHI0uOCYibHQQJG8YkRExJkIJZVQhGKnSxYAX260q4jzy7xY7DmF8LiocDLil78clgENjdCcrhivdNAT+ioPyhzk7jBYfEQTK+IwwkjmYxntjGimQlVa6XvcX3uNqV4DnctiocLNhJcO2IEpizvEzHsgSe0RGJjuAbXvQEtoqB8L9payrhpGwc0cOKn+jJKWjI7YsyqMobMVJU96w1B8Llfz7xGWF+HCJyglxsMb2+sjK5KnyNhQEtoqH8G58XEz9lFh3ZO1eIuJIc6lCQWeDNnRLjcjqNNbVpi/aEidtKuFnfCYeXsZsSuSyuCFcrGWzuikgFgPG17UBM6Kg3DeYZxi+LWWXEpAcH2MKZb2khDNlzEAAk5iSdh8KTcZ9oMv0XHmLDmPFYIJnVnjkRRIDZwymzWsbrvQFhUVDYucpf0MC4OWbFtAJ5I1eIBI7lVZpCQuZyAQo8dbWrST2ixsMH9Hw8szY3twiXSNkeC2dJM5spBJub/V0vpQE1orSBiVUsuViASt72NtRcb28a6UBiis0UBiis0UAUUUUBiis0UA18e4Dh8XH2c8YcdDsynxVhqKqvmD2QzpdsLIJV+w9kk/xe63/LV0UUB5hxXKePQ2bB4m/7MLuP8SAg/OtIOVse5yrg8Tf9qCRB83UD8a9Q0UBS3LPsimch8Y4iX+7QhnPq3ur8L1a/BuB4fCoEhjCDx3Y+rHU05UUAUUUUAVGeb+W5sVJhpYMSMPJhnkdWMQlBzpk90sBsT41JqKAgD+zyaU4qXE45pMRiIBhlkjiEIjjDB7ZFY5rsuuo0JHWuWF9mhVpm7eFTNgpsEViwwijXtDcSBQ5ub3JuTcncCwqxKKAiC8lnNgD25H0LDS4clUsX7SJY86nN3CMt7a7018A9mxw0+Em7eInCtKe7hhG0okjKFppM5Lyajvbaba3qw6KAgmE9npTB4HC/SAfoeMXFl+zt2mWSR8mXP3f1lr3O21P3M/L5xbYVhJk+jYmPEe7mz5Awy7jLfNvr6U+0UBA8V7PWlxKTS4iNhHMsyuMMiYo5DmWNsQjAFb/sXI69a3xfITss+HTFlMHiZWlli7IGUFzmkSObNZEYgaFSRrrrU5ooCC8U9n3anHWxGQYtsKyr2d1QYZMmSQZv0qNYXHd+NcYPZxaPHIZ4wMbDFGRFhxEkTRBgCiB9V12JvpvrVgUUBDF5RxSSR4mLGImJEH0eVjhy0UkasTGREZbq66a5iDrp0o4fyEsMmAeOYkYM4pmzLdpnxIGZiwICd65tY+HnUyrNAFFFFAFFFFAFFFFAf//Z" style="background-color: ivory; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle;" /><br style="background-color: ivory; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more" style="background-color: ivory; box-sizing: border-box; color: #428bca; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"></a><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"></span></span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sifat Kelistrikan<br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Bahan penyekat mempunyai tahanan listrik yang besar. Penyekat listrik ditujukan untuk mencegah terjadinya kebocoran arus listrik antara kedua penghantar yang berbeda potensial atau untuk mencegah loncatan listrik ketanah. Kebocoran arus listrik harus dibatasi sekecil-kecilnya (tidak melampui batas yang telah ditentukan oleh peraturan yang berlaku).</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;">Sifat Mekanis</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Mengingat luasnya pemakaiannya pemakaian bahan penyekat, maka dipertimbangkan kekuatan struktur bahannya. Dengan</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">demikian, dapat dibatasi hal-hal penyebab kerusakan dikarenakan kesalahan pemakaiannya. Misal diperlukan bahan yang tahan tarikan, maka kita harus menggunakan bahan dari kain daripada kertas. Bahan kain lebih kuat terhadap tarikan daripada bahan kertas.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; font-weight: bold;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sifat Termis</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;">Panas yang ditimbulkan dari dalam oleh arus listrik atau oleh arus gaya magnet, berpengaruh terhadap kekuatan bahan penyekat. Demikian panas yang berasal dari luar (alam sekitar). Dalam hal ini, kalau panas yang ditimbulkan cukup tinggi, maka penyekat yang digunakan harus tepat. Adanya panas juga harus dipertimbangkan, agar tidak merusak bahan penyekat yang digunakan.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;" /><span class="fullpost" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bold;">Sifat Kimia</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Panas yang tinggi yang diterima oleh bahan penyekat dapat mengakibatkan perubahan susunan kimia bahan. Demikian juga<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />pengaruh adanya kelembaban udara, basah yang ada di sekitar bahan penyekat. Jika kelembaban tidak dapat dihindari, haruslah dipilih bahan penyekat yang tahan terhadap air. Demikian juga adanya zat-zat lain dapat merusak struktur kimia bahan. Mengingat adanya bermacam-macam asal, sifat dan ciri bahan penyekat, maka untuk memudahkan kita dalam memilih untuk aplikasi dalam kelistrikan, kita akan membagi bahan penyekat berdasar kelompoknya. Pembagian kelompok bahan penyekat adalah sebagai berikut :<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Bahan tambang (batu pualam, asbes, mika, dan sebagainya)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Bahan berserat (benang, kain, kertas, prespon, kayu, dan sebagainya)<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Gelas dan keramik<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Plastik<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Karet, bakelit, ebonit, dan sebagainya<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Bahan yang dipadatkan.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Penyekat bentuk cair yang penting dan banyak digunakan adalah minyak transformator dan macam-macam hasil minyak bumi. Sedang penyekat bentuk gas adalah nitrogen dan karbondioksida (CO2). Penggunaan bahan isolator selain sebagai bahan penyekat adalah sebagai bahan tahanan (resistor). Bahan tahanan yang umumnya dipakai merupakan paduan/ campuran logam-logam terdiri dari dua atau lebih unsur bahan campuran. Pemakaian bahan tahanan dalam kelistrikan, antara lain :<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Untuk pembuatan kotak tahanan standart dan shunt<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Untuk tahanan dan rheostats<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />* Untuk unsur pemanas, kompor listrik dan sebagainya.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Sesuai dengan penggunaanya bahan tahanan haruslah memiliki tahanan jenis yang tinggi, koefisien temperatur yang tinggi, dan memiliki daya elektro-motoris termo yang kecil. Pada penggunaan yang membutuhkan daya tahan panas tinggi, bahan tahanan harus dipilih yang memiliki titik cair yang tinggi, selain itu bahan tahanan. pada keadaan panas yang tinggi tidak mudak dioksidir sehingga menjadi berkarat.</span><br style="background-color: ivory; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;" /><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><span class="fullpost" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span><span style="background-color: ivory; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><span class="fullpost" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; display: inline; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /></span></span><span style="background-color: ivory; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"></span><span style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #3c2d22; font-family: Quicksand; font-size: 20px;"><span class="fullpost" style="box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-size: 13px;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;">http://jonioke.blogspot.com/2010/04/sifat-bahan-isolator.html</span></span></span><br />
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Verdana, Geneva, sans-serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 13px;">Sumber : </span><span style="font-size: 13px;">http://aviskariska.blogspot.com/2018/11/sifat-bahan-isolator.html</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-83509978559499542242018-11-14T22:39:00.001-08:002018-11-14T22:39:58.867-08:00Sifat dan Macam Penghantar Bahan Isolator <div style="text-align: center;">
SIFAT DAN MACAM PENGHANTAR BAHAN ISOLATOR </div>
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Yang termasuk bahan-bahan penghantar adalah bahan yang memiliki banyak elektron bebas pada kulit terluar orbit. Elektron bebas ini akan sangat berpengaruh pada sifat bahan tersebut. Jika suatu bahan <strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">listrik</strong> memiliki banyak elektron bebas pada orbit-orbit elektron, bahan ini memiliki sifat sebagai penghantar listrik.</div>
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Bahan penghantar memiliki sifat-sifat penting, yaitu:<br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">a. Daya Hantar Listrik</strong><br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Arus yang mengalir dalam suatu penghantar selalu mengalami hambatan dari penghantar itu sendiri. Besar hambatan tersebut tergantung dari bahannya. Besar hambatan tiap meternya dengan luas penampang 1mm2 pada temperatur 200C dinamakan hambatan jenis.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">b. Koefisien Temperatur Hambatan</strong><br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Telah kita ketahui bahwa dalam suaut bahan akan mengalami perubahan volume bila terjadi perubahan temperatur. Bahan akan memuai jika temperatur suhu naik dan akan menyusut jika temperatur suhu turun.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">c. Daya Hantar Panas</strong><br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Daya hantar panas menunjukkan jumlah panas yang melalui lapisan bahan satuan waktu. Diperhitungkan dalam satuan KKa/Jam 0C. terutama diperhitungkan dalam pemakaian mesin listrik beserta perlengkapannya. Pada umumnya logam mempunyai daya hantar panas yang tinggi.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">d. Daya Tegangan Tarik</strong><br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Sifat mekanis bahan sangat penting, terutama untuk hantaran diatas tanah. Oleh sebab itu, bahan yang dipakai untuk keperluan tersebut harus ketahui kekuatannya. Terutama menyangkut penggunaan dalam pedistribusian tegangan tinggi.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">e. Timbulnya daya Elektron-motoris Termo</strong><br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Sifat ini sangat penting sekali terhadap dua titik kontak yang terbuat dari dua bahan logam yang berlainan jenis, karena dalam suatu rangkaian, arus akan menimbulkan daya elektro-motoris termo tersendiri bila terjadi perubahan temperatur suhu.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Daya elektro-motoris</strong> termo dapat terjadi lebih tinggi, sehingga dalam pengaturan arus dan tegangan dapat menyimpang meskipun sangat kecil. Besarnya perbedaan tegangan yang dibangkitkan tergantung pada sifat-sifat kedua bahan yang digunakan dan sebanding dengan perbedaan temperaturnya. Daya elektro-motoris yang dibangkitkan oleh perbedaan temperatur disebut dengan daya elektro-motoris termo.<br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Dari sekian banyak logam yang digunakan dalam teknik listrik dan elektronika, antara lain ;alumunium, tembaga, seng, timah dan sebagainya.<br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" />Bahan padat lain yang dapat dipakai untuk peghantar adalah wolfram yang digunakan untuk filamen katoda pada tabung elektron, lampu-lampu pijar, dan alat pemanas dengan temperatur yang tinggi.<br style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;"></strong></div>
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<strong style="border: 0px none; list-style: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px;">Dwilogam</strong> atau yang sering disebut dengan bimetal adalah dua jenis logam yang disambung menjadi satu. Pemakaian dalam bidang kelistrikan sangat luas, misal ; kontak pengatur, regulator. Digunakan untuk menjaga agar temperatur panas selalu konstan. Bimetal ini dipasang didalam pemanas dan fungsinya memutus rangkaian bila temperaturnya meningkat dan akan menyambung kembali rangkaian bila temperaturnya turun.</div>
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Sumber : http://www.diwarta.com/2012/07/23/listrik-sifat-serta-macam-bahan-penghantar-dan-isolator.html</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-12380429486471362842018-11-14T22:35:00.002-08:002018-11-14T22:35:56.010-08:00Jenis dan Manfaat Transformator atau Trafo<div style="text-align: center;">
JENIS DAN MANFAAT TRANSFORMATOR ATAU TRAFO</div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Transformator atau yang juga biasa disebut dengan trafo adalah satu komponen elektronika yang berfungi untuk mengubah taraf tegangan bolak-balik alias tegangan AC ke taraf tertentu. Komponen yang satu ini diperlukan di hampir semua jenis rangkaian elektronika.</span></div>
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Sampai saat ini ada banyak sekali jenis trafo. Pembagian jenis trafo tersebut bisa didasarkan oleh beberapa hal mulai dari bentuknya, fungsinya, strukturnya, dan masih banyak lagi yang lain. Trafo baik yang bentuknya kecil maupun besar sangat bermanfaat. Nah, pada kesempatan kali belajarelektronika.net akan mengajak anda semua melihat info mengenai jenis-jenis trafo.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Jenis Jenis Trafo</span></h2>
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Secara umum, trafo dibagi menjadi empat jenis. Yang pertama adalah trafo step up step down. Yang kedua adalah trafo frekwensi. Yang ketiga adalah trafo jenis output. Dan yang terakhir adalah trafo adaptor. Berikut ulasan lengkap mengenai masing-masing jenis trafo tersebut lengkap beserta gambar dan fungsinya.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">1. Trafo Step-Up Step-Down</span></div>
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Pembagian jenis trafo yang pertama ini didasarkan pada hubungan antara trafo tegangan yang digunakan dan tegangan yang diperlukan untuk suplay rangkaian alat elektronika tertentu. Berdasarkan fungsi tersebut, trafo dibedakan menjadi dua macam yakni trafo Step-Up dan trafo Step-Down.</div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Trafo Step-Up</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Trafo step up adalah jenis trafo yang berfungsi untuk menaikkan tegangan AC ke nilai tertentu. Misal listrik PLN memiliki tegangan 220 volt, sedangkan alat elektronika membutuhkan tegangan 240 volt, maka diperlukan sebuah trafo step up untuk menjalankannya. Jumlah lilitan sekunder pada trafo step up ini lebih banyak dibanding dengan lilitan primer. Trafo jenis ini banyak diaplikasikan pada jaringan-jaringan pembangkit litrik serta alat-alat elektronika yang memerlukan tegangan tinggi seperti inverter, televisi, dan masih banyak lagi yang lainnya.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Trafo Step-Down</span>Trafo step down adalah jenis trafo yang berfungsi untuk menurunkan tegangan AC ke nilai tertentu. Misal listrik PLN memiliki tegangan 220 volt, sedangkan alat elektronika membutuhkan tegangan 110 volt, maka diperlukan sebuah trafo step down untuk menjalankannya. Jumlah lilitan primer pada trafo step up ini lebih banyak dibanding dengan lilitan sekunder. Trafo jenis ini banyak diaplikasikan pada alat-alat elektronika yang memerlukan tegangan rendah.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">2. Trafo Frekwensi</span></div>
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Pembagian jenis trafo yang kedua ini didasarkan pada seberapa besar frekwensi trafo tersebut bekerja. Jenis trafo frekwensi ini terbagi lagi menjadi tiga macam yakni trafo frekwensi rendah, trafo frekwensi menengah, dan juga trafo frekwensi tinggi. Berikut penjelasan lengkap mengenai masing-masing jenis trafo tersebut.</div>
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<a href="http://belajarelektronika.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trafo-Frekwensi-Rendah-Menengah-Tinggi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="174" src="http://belajarelektronika.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Trafo-Frekwensi-Rendah-Menengah-Tinggi.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Trafo Frekwensi Rendah</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Trafo frekwensi rendah adalah trafo yang bekerja di frekwensi audio yakni antara 20 Hz sampai dengan 20 KHz. Ciri-ciri dari trafo frekwensi rendah ini biasanya menggunakan inti besi lunak. Contoh dari trafo frekwensi rendah ini adalah trafo adaptor dan juga trafo input/output.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Trafo Frekwensi Menengah</span>Trafo frekwensi menengah ini juga biasa disebut dengan trafo IF (intermediate freqwency) yakni jenis trafo yang bekerja di frekwensi menengah. Trafo jenis ini banyak digunakan untuk perangkat radio AM/FM yang bekerja di frekwensi 455 kHz/10,7 MHz. Pada trafo ini, lilitan primer dan sekunder diparalel dengan sebuah kapasitor.</li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">Trafo Frekwensi Tinggi</span>Trafo frekwensi tinggi adalah jenis trafo yang bekerja di frekwensi tinggi dan biasanya digunakan untuk keperluan pembangkit frekwensi atau osilator, lilitan resonansi, serta flyback pada rangkaian televisi tabung. Meskipun tak sepopuler trafo IF, namun trafo ini dianggap sangat penting untuk beberapa keperluan tertentu.</li>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">3. Trafo Jenis Output</span></div>
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Selanjutnya ada trafo jenis output yang memiliki bentuk identik dengan jenis trafo lainnya. Pada trafo ini terdapat lilitan coil yang terbuat dari bahan nikelin yang punya fungsi untuk menentukan besar kecilnya arus masuk. Trafo jenis ini banyak diaplikasikan pada alat-alat elektronik yang berkaitan dengan suara seperti radio, tape reconder, amplifier, dan lain sebagainya.</div>
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: 700;">4. Trafo Adaptor</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: "Open Sans", sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Trafo adaptor adalah jenis trafo yang berfungi untuk mengubah arus listrik AC menjadi DC. Trafo jenis ini juga memiliki dua buah lilitan yakni lilitan primer dan sekunder. Lilitan primer pada trafo adaptor ini bertugas untuk menerima arus listrik AC 110 volt hingga 240 volt, sedangkan lilitan sekundernya menghasilkan arus DC sebesar 4 hingga 12 volt.</span></div>
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<span style="color: #222222; font-family: Open Sans, sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">Sumber : http://belajarelektronika.net/jenis-jenis-transformator/</span></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-34527235964562326262018-11-14T22:27:00.002-08:002018-11-14T22:27:21.602-08:00Jenis dan Manfaat Kondensor <div style="text-align: center;">
<span style="background-color: white;">JENIS DAN MANFAAT KONDENSOR </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3NZ1sDMMnbNZCmC5ERg5hQhOF91dWljAsFpxRlabTdccP8OHdq1hcZ_hG5iQn5hGZVDl3AhLVGrc8pgQDNnU_yFzbX9b3Q4ogivNdfyhsoKcXH1NeqiYAR_FPx9-BwaUwg_P4DhHAuI/s1600/18.gif" style="color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3NZ1sDMMnbNZCmC5ERg5hQhOF91dWljAsFpxRlabTdccP8OHdq1hcZ_hG5iQn5hGZVDl3AhLVGrc8pgQDNnU_yFzbX9b3Q4ogivNdfyhsoKcXH1NeqiYAR_FPx9-BwaUwg_P4DhHAuI/s320/18.gif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Menurut Jenis Cooling Medium</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Menurut jenis cooling mediumnya kondensor dibagi menjadi 3 jenis yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Air Cooled Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> (menggunakan udara sebagai <i>cooling</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">mediumnya).</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Air Cooled Kondensor mengkondensasikan pembuangan uap dari turbin uap dan kembali kondensat(cairan yang sudah terkondensasi) ke boiler tanpa kehilangan air.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM09PGXjCWHkLk-kzmpU4pg38v3ytpYYuDyso67Vtm_YW2tMVR1kpd-Bz_MTzU3I2OrK35uVuZLa4qT2Cm6arXBGYT1sE_HXvgAJx58tw7NRr_s0ynn-3pX7KrrlCuuqid62EC8F_NUt4/s1600/17.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhM09PGXjCWHkLk-kzmpU4pg38v3ytpYYuDyso67Vtm_YW2tMVR1kpd-Bz_MTzU3I2OrK35uVuZLa4qT2Cm6arXBGYT1sE_HXvgAJx58tw7NRr_s0ynn-3pX7KrrlCuuqid62EC8F_NUt4/s320/17.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851025" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">5</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Air Cooled Condenser<a name='more'></a></span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Water Cooled Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> (menggunakan air sebagai cooling mediumnya).</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Water Cooled Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> yang paling banyak digunakan yaitu : </span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Shell and Tube Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Shell and Tube Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> atau Kondensor tipe Tabung dan Pipa digunakan pada kondensor berukuran kecil sampai besar. biasa digunakan untuk air pendingin berupa ammonia dan freon. Seperti terlihat pada gambar didalam kondensor.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Tabung dan Pipa terdapat banyak pipa pendingin, dimana air pendingin pengalir di dalam pipa-pipa tersebut, ujung dan pangkal pipa pendingin terikat pada pelat pipa, sedangkan diantara pelat pipa dan tutup tabung dipasang sekat-sekat untuk membagi aliran air yang melewati pipapipa dan mengatur agar kecepatannya cukup tinggi, yaitu 1,5 – 2 m/detik.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3NZ1sDMMnbNZCmC5ERg5hQhOF91dWljAsFpxRlabTdccP8OHdq1hcZ_hG5iQn5hGZVDl3AhLVGrc8pgQDNnU_yFzbX9b3Q4ogivNdfyhsoKcXH1NeqiYAR_FPx9-BwaUwg_P4DhHAuI/s1600/18.gif" style="background-color: white; color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjR3NZ1sDMMnbNZCmC5ERg5hQhOF91dWljAsFpxRlabTdccP8OHdq1hcZ_hG5iQn5hGZVDl3AhLVGrc8pgQDNnU_yFzbX9b3Q4ogivNdfyhsoKcXH1NeqiYAR_FPx9-BwaUwg_P4DhHAuI/s320/18.gif" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851026" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">6</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;"> Shell and Tube Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Air pendingin masuk melalui pipa bagian bawah kemudian keluar melalui pipa bagian atas. Jumlah saluran maksimum yang dapat digunakan sebanyak 12, semakin banyak jumlah saluran yang digunakan maka semakin besar tahanan aliran air pendingin. Pipa pendingin ammonia biasa terbuat dari baja sedangkan untuk freon biasa terbuat dari pipa tembaga.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jika menginginkan pipa yang tahan tehadap korosi bias menggunakan pipa kuningan datau pipa cupro nikel. Ciri-ciri kondensor Tabung dan Pipa adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dapat dibuat dengan pipa pendingin bersirip sehingga ukurannya relatif lebih kecil dan ringan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pipa dapat dibuat dengan mudah.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Bantuk yang sederhana dan mudah pemasangannya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pipa pendingin mudah dibersihkan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Shell and Coil Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kondensor tabung dan koil banyak digunakan pada unit pendingin dengan Freon refrigerant berkapasitas lebih kecil, misalnya untuk penyegar udara, pendingin air, dan sebagainya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Seperti gambar dibawah ini, Kondensor tabung dan koil dengan tabung pipa pendingin di dalam tabung yang dipasang pada posisi vertical. Koil pipa pendingin tersebut biasanya dibuat dari tembaga, berbentuk tanpa sirip maupun dengan sirip. Pipa tersebut mudah dibuat dan murah harganya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pada Kondensor tabung dan koil, aliran air mengalir di dalam koil pipa pendingin. Disini, endapan dan kerak yang terbentuk di dalam pipa harus dibersihkan menggunakan zat kimia<i>(detergent).</i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851027" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2.</span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">7</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Shell and Coil Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Adapun cirri-ciri Kondensor tabung dan koil sebagai berikut :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Harganya murah karena mudah dalam pembuatannya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kompak karena posisinya yang vertical dan mudah dalam</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">pemasangannya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Tidak perlu mengganti pipa pendingin, tetapi hanya perlu pembersihan dengan menggunakan detergen</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Tube and Tubes Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kondensor jenis pipa ganda merupakan susunan dari dua pipa coaksial dimana refrigerant mengalir melalui saluran yang terbentuk antara pipa dalam dan pipa luar yang melintang dari atas ke bawah. Sedangkan air pendingin mengalir di dalam pipa dalam arah berlawanan, yaitu refrigerant mengalir dari atas ke bawah.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pada mesin pendingin berkapasitas rendah dengan Freon sebagai refrigerant, pipa dalam dan pipa luarnya terbuat dari tembaga. Gambar dibawah ini menunjukkan Kondensor jenis pipa ganda, dalam bentuk koil. Pipa dalam dapat dibuat bersirip atau tanpa sirip.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851028" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">8</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Tube and Tubes Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kecepatan aliran di dalam pipa pendingin kira-kira antara 1-2 m/detik. Sedangkan perbedaan temperature air keluar dan masuk pipa pendingin (kenaikan temperature air pendingin di dalam kondensor) kira-kira mencapai suhu 10<sup>o</sup>C. Laju perpindahan kalornya relative besar.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Adapun cirri-ciri Kondensor jenis pipa ganda adalah sebagai berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Konstruksi sederhana dengan harga yang memadai.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dapat mencapai kondisi yang super dingin karena arah aliran refrigerant dan air pendingin yang berlawanan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Penggunaan air pendingin relative kecil.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sulit dalam membersihkan pipa, harus menggunakan detergen.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">·<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pemeriksaan terhadap korosi dan kerusakan pipa tidak mungkin dilaksanakan. Penggantian pipanya pun juga sulit dilakukan.</span></span></div>
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<ol start="3" style="color: #555555; font-family: Roboto, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; margin: 0cm 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 20px;" type="a">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 19.5px; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Evaporatif Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> (menggunakan kombinasi udara dan air sebagai cooling mediumnya).</span></span></li>
</ol>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kombinasi dari kondensor berpendingin air dan kondensor berpendingin udara, menggunakan prinsip penolakan panas oleh penguapan air menjadi aliran udara menjadi kumparan kondensasi.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851029" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">9</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Evaporatif Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Menurut Jenis Desain</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Berbelit-Belit</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Jenis kondensor terdiri dari satu tabung panjang yang digulung berakhir dan kembali pada dirinya sendiri dengan sirip pendingin ditambahkan di antara tabung.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqcphlF-1JPTiqpUtQfUYBPWdlDbXzfyBTdJTunWS8ME5zam_Blh4VLhHWWECwxjoDq0LPoIhUBX3bbRhqOm4wFeascYsYiVFI1fwYqsA3H705e5P9tvQcz9j-xY9MKZiz9Qjq_b6q9E/s1600/24.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhxqcphlF-1JPTiqpUtQfUYBPWdlDbXzfyBTdJTunWS8ME5zam_Blh4VLhHWWECwxjoDq0LPoIhUBX3bbRhqOm4wFeascYsYiVFI1fwYqsA3H705e5P9tvQcz9j-xY9MKZiz9Qjq_b6q9E/s1600/24.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851030" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">10</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;"> Kondensor Berbelit-Belit</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Arus Pararel</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Desain ini sangat mirip dengan radiator aliran silang. Alih-alih bepergian refrigeran melalui satu bagian (seperti tipe serpentine) sekarang dapat melakukan perjalanan di berbagai bagian. Ini akan memberi luas permukaan yang lebih besar untuk udara ambien dingin untuk kontak.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851031" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">11</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Kondensor Arus Pararel</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Berdasarkan Klasifikasi Umum</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Surface Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Prinsip kerja surface Condenser Steam masuk ke dalam shell kondensor melalui steam inlet connection pada bagian atas kondensor. Steam kemudian bersinggungan dengan tube kondensor yang bertemperatur rendah sehingga temperatur steam turun dan terkondensasi, menghasilkan kondensat yang terkumpul pada hotwell.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Temperatur rendah pada tube dijaga dengan cara mensirkulasikan air yang menyerap kalor dari steam pada proses kondensasi. Kalor yang dimaksud disini disebut kalor laten penguapan dan terkadang disebut juga kalor kondensasi (heat of condensation) dalam lingkup bahasan kondensor. Kondensat yang terkumpul di hotwell kemudian dipindahkan dari kondensor dengan menggunakan pompa kondensat ke exhaust kondensat. Ketika meninggalkan kondensor, hampir keseluruhan steam telah terkondensasi kecuali bagian yang jenuh dari udara yang ada di dalam sistem.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Udara yang ada di dalam sistem secara umum timbul akibat adanya kebocoran pada perpipaan, shaft seal, katup-katup, dan sebagainya. Udara ini masuk ke dalam kondensor bersama dengan steam. Udara dijenuhkan oleh uap air, kemudian melewati air cooling section dimana campuran antara uap dan udara didinginkan untuk selanjutnya dibuang dari kondensor dengan menggunakan air ejectors yang berfungsi untuk mempertahankan vacuum di kondensor.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Untuk menghilangkan udara yang terlarut dalm kondensat akibat adanya udara di kondensor, dilakukan deaeration. De-aeration dilakukan di kondensor dengan memanaskan kondensat dengan steam agar udara yang terlalut pada kondensat akan menguap. Udara kemudian ditarik ke air cooling section dengan memanfaatkan tekanan rendah yang terjadi pada air cooling section. Air ejector kemudian akan memindahkan udara dari sistem.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Surface Condenser dibedakan menjadi dua jenis lagi, yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Horizontal Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Air pendingin masuk kondensor melalui bagian bawah, kemudian masuk ke dalam pipa-pipa pendingin dan keluar pada bagian atas sedangkan arus panas masuk lewat bagian tengah kondensor dan keluar sebagai kondensat pada bagian bawah kondensor.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZwirdCr1SaxDLqyXFnRT3PtiFG3Kk0yw_jKxGEuU_Zky-gAzcPmh8NDybftkyLkGWkmkrU9_gv1wd7gRbqWB-R3AGQcmR07O0H61MV0-nJfwVC5CWvYR-ccs-6HxoJnSJzFtEgiyyWkg/s1600/26.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZwirdCr1SaxDLqyXFnRT3PtiFG3Kk0yw_jKxGEuU_Zky-gAzcPmh8NDybftkyLkGWkmkrU9_gv1wd7gRbqWB-R3AGQcmR07O0H61MV0-nJfwVC5CWvYR-ccs-6HxoJnSJzFtEgiyyWkg/s320/26.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851033" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">13</span><i><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Horizontal Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kelebihan Kondensor horizontal adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Dapat dibuat dengan pipa pendingin bersirip sehingga relaif berukuran kecil dan ringan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Pipa pendingin dapat dibuat dengan mudah</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Bentuk sederhana dan mudah pemasangannya</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4. Pipa pendingin mudah dibersihkan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Vertical Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Air pendingin masuk konddensor melalui bagian bawah, kemudian masuk ke dalam pipa-pipa pendingin dan keluar pada bagian atas Sedangkan arus panas masuk lewat bagian atas kondensor dan keluar sebagai kondensat pada bagian bawah kondensor.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMUrTutMHz0K_YPerUQZovTJC8KZjhw8euaK5K7POzLvvAVdcCbV0BW-rpMfvdHh0eoN3YBoUJCCYJLlG2gtdNyByll-MtAt-p-Ur43oyy4s4qkn9FGGgSBvD-C2utotXolFoH5rYGOs/s1600/27.jpg" style="background-color: white; color: #c68847; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" height="255" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEglMUrTutMHz0K_YPerUQZovTJC8KZjhw8euaK5K7POzLvvAVdcCbV0BW-rpMfvdHh0eoN3YBoUJCCYJLlG2gtdNyByll-MtAt-p-Ur43oyy4s4qkn9FGGgSBvD-C2utotXolFoH5rYGOs/s320/27.jpg" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="_Toc370851034" style="color: #c68847; outline: none; text-decoration-line: none;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">Gambar 2. </span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;">14</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: 12pt;"> Vertical Condenser</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Keterangan :</span></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Esterification reactor</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Vertical frational column</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Vertical Condenser</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">4. Horizontal Condenser</span></i></div>
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<i><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">5. Storage device</span></i></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kelebihan Kondensor vertical adalah :</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1. Harganya murah karena mudah pembuatannya.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2. Kompak karena posisinya yang vertikal dan mudah pemasangan</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">3. Bisa dikatakan tidak mungkin mengganti pipa pendingin,</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">pembersihan harus dilakukan dengan menggunakan deterjen.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Direct-Contact Condenser</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Direct-contact Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> mengkondensasikan steam dengan mencampurnya langsung dengan air pendingin. <i>Direct-contact</i> atau <i>open Condenser</i> digunakan pada beberapa kasus khusus, seperti :</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Geothermal power plant.</span></i></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pada <i>power plant</i> yang menggunakan perbedaan temperatur di air laut <i>(OTEC)</i></span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Direct-contact Condenser</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> dibagi menjadi dua jenis lagi, yaitu :</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Spray Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Pada Spray Condenser, pencampuran<i>steam</i> dengan air pendingin dilakukan dengan jalan menyemprotkan air ke <i>steam</i>. Sehingga<i>steam </i>yang keluar dari exhaust turbin pada bagian bawah bercampur dengan air pendingin pada bagian tengah menghasilkan kondensat yang mendekati <i>fase saturated</i>.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Kemudian dipompakan kembali ke<i>cooling tower. </i>Sebagian dari kondensat dikembalikan ke <i>boiler </i>sebagai <i>feedwater.</i>Sisanya didinginkan, biasanya di dalam <i>dry- (closed) cooling tower</i>. Air yang didinginkan pada <i>Cooling tower</i> disemprotkan ke <i>exhaust</i>turbin dan proses berulang.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span></i></b><b><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Barometric dan Jet Condenser</span></i></b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Ini merupakan jenis awal dari kondensor. Jenis ini beroperasi dengan prinsip yang sama dengan <i>spray condenser</i> kecuali tidak dibutuhkannya pompa pada jenis ini. Vacuum dalam kondensor diperoleh dengan menggunakan prinsip head statis seperti pada<i>barometric Condenser</i>, atau menggunakan diffuser seperti pada <i>jet Condenser.</i></span></div>
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Sumber : http://frandhoni.blogspot.com/2015/06/macam-macam-kondensor.html</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-71033215298134114752018-11-14T22:14:00.000-08:002018-11-14T22:24:05.232-08:00Jenis dan Manfaat Resistor<div style="text-align: center;">
JENIS DAN MANFAAT RESISTOR</div>
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Pada umumnya Resistor dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi beberapa jenis, diantaranya adalah Fixed Resistor, Variable Resistor, Thermistor dan LDR.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A. Fixed Resistor</strong></h3>
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Fixed Resistor adalah jenis Resistor yang memiliki nilai resistansinya tetap. Nilai Resistansi atau Hambatan Resistor ini biasanya ditandai dengan kode warna ataupun kode Angka.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk dan Simbol Fixed Resistor :</strong><a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Fixed-Resistor.jpg?x22079" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Simbol dan Bentuk Fixed Resistor" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-348" height="286" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" src="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Fixed-Resistor.jpg?x22079" srcset="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Fixed-Resistor.jpg 500w, https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Fixed-Resistor-300x171.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 1.25rem auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="500" /></a></div>
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Yang tergolong dalam Kategori Fixed Resistor berdasarkan Komposisi bahan pembuatnya diantaranya adalah :</div>
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Carbon Composition Resistor (Resistor Komposisi Karbon)</h4>
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Resistor jenis Carbon Composistion ini terbuat dari komposisi karbon halus yang dicampur dengan bahan isolasi bubuk sebagai pengikatnya (binder) agar mendapatkan nilai resistansi yang diinginkan. Semakin banyak bahan karbonnya semakin rendah pula nilai resistansi atau nilai hambatannya.</div>
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Nilai Resistansi yang sering ditemukan di pasaran untuk Resistor jenis Carbon Composistion Resistor ini biasanya berkisar dari 1Ω sampai 200MΩ dengan daya 1/10W sampai 2W.<br />
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Carbon Film Resistor (Resistor Film Karbon)</h4>
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Resistor Jenis Carbon Film ini terdiri dari filem tipis karbon yang diendapkan Subtrat isolator yang dipotong berbentuk spiral. Nilai resistansinya tergantung pada proporsi karbon dan isolator. Semakin banyak bahan karbonnya semakin rendah pula nilai resistansinya. Keuntungan Carbon Film Resistor ini adalah dapat menghasilkan resistor dengan toleransi yang lebih rendah dan juga rendahnya kepekaan terhadap suhu jika dibandingkan dnegan Carbon Composition Resistor.</div>
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Nilai Resistansi Carbon Film Resistor yang tersedia di pasaran biasanya berkisar diantara 1Ω sampai 10MΩ dengan daya 1/6W hingga 5W. Karena rendahnya kepekaan terhadap suhu, Carbon Film Resistor dapat bekerja di suhu yang berkisar dari -55°C hingga 155°C.</div>
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Metal Film Resistor (Resistor Film Logam)</h4>
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Metal Film Resistor adalah jenis Resistor yang dilapisi dengan Film logam yang tipis ke Subtrat Keramik dan dipotong berbentuk spiral. Nilai Resistansinya dipengaruhi oleh panjang, lebar dan ketebalan spiral logam.</div>
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Secara keseluruhan, Resistor jenis Metal Film ini merupakan yang terbaik diantara jenis-jenis Resistor yang ada (Carbon Composition Resistor dan Carbon Film Resistor).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B. Variable Resistor</strong></h3>
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Variable Resistor adalah jenis Resistor yang nilai resistansinya dapat berubah dan diatur sesuai dengan keinginan. Pada umumnya Variable Resistor terbagi menjadi Potensiometer, Rheostat dan Trimpot.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk dan Simbol Variable Resistor : </strong><a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Variable-Resistor.jpg?x22079" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Simbol dan Bentuk Variable Resistor" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-349" height="286" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" src="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Variable-Resistor.jpg?x22079" srcset="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Variable-Resistor.jpg 500w, https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Variable-Resistor-300x171.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 1.25rem auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="500" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-fungsi-potensiometer/" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Potensiometer</a></h4>
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Potensiometer merupakan jenis Variable Resistor yang nilai resistansinya dapat berubah-ubah dengan cara memutar porosnya melalui sebuah Tuas yang terdapat pada Potensiometer. Nilai Resistansi Potensiometer biasanya tertulis di badan Potensiometer dalam bentuk kode angka.</div>
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<a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-rheostat-jenis-rheostat/" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rheostat</a></h4>
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Rheostat merupakan jenis Variable Resistor yang dapat beroperasi pada Tegangan dan Arus yang tinggi. Rheostat terbuat dari lilitan kawat resistif dan pengaturan Nilai Resistansi dilakukan dengan penyapu yang bergerak pada bagian atas Toroid.</div>
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Preset Resistor (Trimpot)</h4>
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Preset Resistor atau sering juga disebut dengan Trimpot (Trimmer Potensiometer) adalah jenis Variable Resistor yang berfungsi seperti Potensiometer tetapi memiliki ukuran yang lebih kecil dan tidak memiliki Tuas. Untuk mengatur nilai resistansinya, dibutuhkan alat bantu seperti Obeng kecil untuk dapat memutar porosnya.</div>
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<a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-thermistor-ntc-ptc-karakteristik/" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;">C. Thermistor (Thermal Resistor)</a></h3>
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Thermistor adalah Jenis Resistor yang nilai resistansinya dapat dipengaruhi oleh suhu (Temperature). Thermistor merupakan Singkatan dari “Thermal Resistor”. Terdapat dua jenis Thermistor yaitu Thermistor NTC (Negative Temperature Coefficient) dan Thermistor PTC (Positive Temperature Coefficient).</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk dan Simbol Thermistor :</strong><strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Thermistor.jpg?x22079" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Simbol dan Bentuk Thermistor" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-350" height="287" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" src="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Thermistor.jpg?x22079" srcset="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Thermistor.jpg 500w, https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-Thermistor-300x172.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 1.25rem auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="500" /></a></strong></div>
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D. LDR (Light Dependent Resistor)</h3>
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LDR atau Light Dependent Resistor adalah jenis Resistor yang nilai Resistansinya dipengaruhi oleh intensitas Cahaya yang diterimanya. Untuk lebih jelas mengenai LDR, Silakan baca : <a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-ldr-light-dependent-resistor-cara-mengukur-ldr/" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: 600; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pengertian LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) dan Cara Mengukurnya">Pengertian LDR dan Cara Mengukurnya</a>.</div>
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<strong style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bentuk dan Simbol LDR : <a href="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-LDR.jpg?x22079" style="border: 0px; color: #0053f9; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Simbol dan Bentuk LDR" class="aligncenter size-full wp-image-351" height="291" sizes="(max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px" src="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-LDR.jpg?x22079" srcset="https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-LDR.jpg 500w, https://teknikelektronika.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Simbol-dan-Bentuk-LDR-300x174.jpg 300w" style="border: 0px; display: block; font: inherit; height: auto; margin: 1.25rem auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; vertical-align: bottom;" width="500" /></a></strong></div>
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Sumber : https://teknikelektronika.com/pengertian-resistor-jenis-jenis-resistor/</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-37884310931955596882018-05-07T20:03:00.001-07:002018-05-07T20:03:15.601-07:00Alat Optik dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hariALAT OPTIK DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI<br />
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<b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Teleskop (Teropong)<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> Teropong merupakan alat optik yang digunakan sebagai alat untuk melihat benda yang letaknya jauh. Teropong dibedakan menjadi dua yaitu teropong bias (tersusun atas beberapa lensa) dan teropong pantul (tersusun atas beberapa cermin dan lensa). Teropong bias antara lain teropong bintang (astronomi), teropong bumi, dan teropong panggung (teropong Galileo).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><br style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;" /><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">Teropong bintang digunakan untuk mengamati benda-benda langit. </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChYvKVPPBtkFuFrT73avkZSLyZUmu30zgm2cfdt7Cj3rQmKb7FGXNS4stYBsXO95anJrIO3mY80N-3Wq-mMwSRW0bfAn8LY-SqbX5TqqLbJ33tuoCdfow-KipO7IpXJtUQzBlII49l-8/s1600/T.jpg" imageanchor="1"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiChYvKVPPBtkFuFrT73avkZSLyZUmu30zgm2cfdt7Cj3rQmKb7FGXNS4stYBsXO95anJrIO3mY80N-3Wq-mMwSRW0bfAn8LY-SqbX5TqqLbJ33tuoCdfow-KipO7IpXJtUQzBlII49l-8/s400/T.jpg" width="281" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; text-align: justify;">Bagaimana cara kerja teropong bintang? Cara kerja teropong bintang mirip dengan cara kerja mikroskop. Teropong ini terdiri atas dua buah lensa cembung yaitu lensa objektif dan lensa okuler. Lensa objektif digunakan untuk menangkap cahaya dari benda-benda yang jauh. Karena jaraknya jauh, benda dapat dianggap diletakkan di luar 2F. Dengan demikian bayangan yang dibentuknya adalah nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil. Bayangan dari lensa objektif ini menjadi benda bagi lensa okuler. Oleh lensa okuler, bayangan ini dibiaskan lagi sehingga membentuk bayangan yang maya, tegak, dan diperbesar dan dapat dilihat dengan mata. Dengan demikian benda-benda langit yang jaraknya jauh akan tampak dekat dan jelas jika dilihat menggunakan teropong bintang. Bayangan yang dihasilkan teropong bintang adalah terbalik.</span><br />
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<span style="color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="background-color: white; font-size: 18.6667px;">Sumber : </span><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;">https://mafia.mafiaol.com/2012/12/penerapanaplikasi-alat-optik-dalam.html</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-50785462411133121892018-05-07T19:59:00.002-07:002018-05-07T19:59:49.042-07:00Alat Optik dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hariALAT OPTIK DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI<br />
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<b style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mikroskop<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b><span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br />
<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Para peneliti biasanya menggunakan mikroskop untuk melihat-benda-benda kecil yang tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang. Mikroskop terdiri atas dua buah lensa cembung yang berfungsi untuk memperbesar bayangan benda. Lensa ini dinamakan lensa objektif dan lensa okuler. Lensa objektif adalah lensa yang diletakkan dekat dengan objek yang akan diamati, sedangkan lensa okuler adalah lensa yang diletakkan dekat mata. Jarak fokus lensa objektif lebih kecil dari jarak fokus lensa okuler (f<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ob</span> < f<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ok</span>).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span></span><br />
<a name='more'></a><br style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Benda yang diamati diletakkan di depan lensa objektif di antara F<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ob</span> dan 2F<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ob</span>. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif bersifat nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa objektif akan menjadi benda bagi lensa okuler.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0Fy2SfV1WKG0snA62N8bWrKIoWCcryRzK0MH-MqR7TB_1ij3LFZ0O6Kat6jCodCxe1K3V-h_I6yeKFc3139GM7WhKhigZ9dgc3noBCBrZthzE1lHdeyQU5CPZOjVmr8VbgoYrSIWXYI/s1600/Mik.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="312" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgr0Fy2SfV1WKG0snA62N8bWrKIoWCcryRzK0MH-MqR7TB_1ij3LFZ0O6Kat6jCodCxe1K3V-h_I6yeKFc3139GM7WhKhigZ9dgc3noBCBrZthzE1lHdeyQU5CPZOjVmr8VbgoYrSIWXYI/s320/Mik.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<span style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bila diamati dengan mata berakomodasi, maka benda (bayangan dari lensa objektif) diletakkan di antara titik pusat lensa okuler (O<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ok</span>) dan titik fokus okuler (F<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ok</span>). Sedangkan jika diamati dengan mata tanpa berakomodasi, maka benda (bayangan dari lensa objektif) diletakkan di titik fokus lensa okuler (F<span style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: 16.0533px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; top: 0.4em; vertical-align: baseline;">ok</span>).<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span><br style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lebih jelasnya perhatikan Gambar (a) dan Gambar (b) di bawah ini. Bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa okuler bersifat maya, tegak, dan diperbesar. Bayangan akhir yang dibentuk adalah maya, terbalik dan diperbesar. Bayangan ini dapat dilihat mata pengamat. Bayangan ini telah mengalami perbesaran beberapa kali lipat sehingga benda yang sangat kecil akan tampak besar.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"></span></span><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3g_kynKxTg3cYdeAreMIFF7lunyrN8jaO0lpjNxq5V-ndVU94LR2tKMjR3Hr1XhsyQy_uYhG8or9FiAJA5FMMLfuq2KGuSBM078GfSDeobOVZKxyhdzdojddXysOgIuT59sv_MO9FHdK/s1600/mikro.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="209" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS3g_kynKxTg3cYdeAreMIFF7lunyrN8jaO0lpjNxq5V-ndVU94LR2tKMjR3Hr1XhsyQy_uYhG8or9FiAJA5FMMLfuq2KGuSBM078GfSDeobOVZKxyhdzdojddXysOgIuT59sv_MO9FHdK/s320/mikro.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="320" /></a></div>
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Sumber : https://mafia.mafiaol.com/2012/12/penerapanaplikasi-alat-optik-dalam.html</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-77185747820353533822018-05-07T19:56:00.004-07:002018-05-07T19:56:51.897-07:00Alat Optik Dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hariALAT OPTIK DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI<br />
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<span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lup (Kaca Pembesar)</b><o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Lup adalah alat optik yang menggunakan lensa cembung untuk melihat benda-benda kecil. Lup biasa digunakan untuk melihat nama-nama jalan di peta yang tercetak sangat kecil, melihat gambar di perangko, dan melihat komponen-komponen jam tangan yang kecil.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxJhd5pe8OisYktMOHmBA_VeMq1fsDCatzQgUwY2DzODHRc9A-woqpApCB6owpRxJBc1q3GtVgJHnEbWwyLHFpnvsFkq-XgCWteH-l6Lxb-FjAH2DWJYh-lRy3Ld2J7sfSjx2Nkzvy7o/s1600/lup.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEivxJhd5pe8OisYktMOHmBA_VeMq1fsDCatzQgUwY2DzODHRc9A-woqpApCB6owpRxJBc1q3GtVgJHnEbWwyLHFpnvsFkq-XgCWteH-l6Lxb-FjAH2DWJYh-lRy3Ld2J7sfSjx2Nkzvy7o/s320/lup.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; color: #444444; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-east-asian: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: 28px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Agar benda terlihat, maka benda diletakkan di antara titik pusat (O) dan titik fokus (F) sehingga terbentuk bayangan yang bersifat maya, tegak, dan diperbesar. Saat bayangan terbentuk di titik dekat mata, maka mata berakomodasi maksimum. <a name='more'></a>Jika ingin mengamati benda dengan lup tanpa berakomodasi, maka benda diletakkan tepat di titik fokus lensa sehingga yang masuk ke mata berupa sinar sejajar. Ini dikatakan mengamati dengan mata tidak berakomodasi. Sketsa pembentukan bayangan oleh lup ditunjukkan pada gambar berikut.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtNq3llVjZ6SDJxMFWw7gY-0YUrlRMA6LfnnJ1NnweiPeTSJzXvyR8mVVWCy7PEhyoLGu0SqHUgjoiXq0toVw5aZAOm1QfWDet9xPkrOXbh4nfVDHFfvjUBSzKa4-t98GuX4wm7_VJ_9jM/s1600/lup.png" imageanchor="1" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtNq3llVjZ6SDJxMFWw7gY-0YUrlRMA6LfnnJ1NnweiPeTSJzXvyR8mVVWCy7PEhyoLGu0SqHUgjoiXq0toVw5aZAOm1QfWDet9xPkrOXbh4nfVDHFfvjUBSzKa4-t98GuX4wm7_VJ_9jM/s400/lup.png" style="border: 0px none; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: auto; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px; position: relative; vertical-align: baseline;" width="293" /></a></div>
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Sumber : https://mafia.mafiaol.com/2012/12/penerapanaplikasi-alat-optik-dalam.html</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-87212803831827853522018-05-07T19:54:00.001-07:002018-05-07T19:54:32.477-07:00Alat Optik dalam Kehidupan Sehari-hariALAT OPTIK DALAM KEHIDUPAN SEHARI-HARI<br />
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<b style="border: 0px; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></b><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kamera merupakan salah satu alat optik yang besar manfaatnya. Dengan adanya kamera kamu dapat mengabadikan kejadian-kejadian penting dan bersejarah. Pernahkah kamu menggunakan kamera? Kamera terdiri atas tiga bagian utama, yaitu lensa, diafragma, dan film. Cara kerja kamera adalah sebagai berikut. Benda yang akan diambil gambarnya diletakkan di depan kamera.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> <a name='more'></a></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cahaya yang berasal dari objek tersebut akan diterima oleh lensa cembung dan akan dibiaskan sehingga membentuk bayangan nyata di film. Kedudukan lensa terhadap film dapat diubah-ubah. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar bayangan yang terbentuk jatuh tepat di atas film. Pada film, terdapat zat kimia yang peka terhadap cahaya. Cahaya gelap dan cahaya terang masing-masing akan meninggalkan jejak yang berbeda pada kamera. Dari film, gambar tersebut dapat dicuci dan dicetak.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p> </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYP6SHLR66iHrDjERKbQ9VTX2RQU7g8VW1aYTE-cnyJtNRDS1-BQsUOr2mIDcNQ7qUSTU2RtidI_6aKbQsVgztss-uqwKz554y9hlXKQ9B8F7q5R2OQWBAHyLAOwlpIfC6XKFvhJr70LY/s1600/cam.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYP6SHLR66iHrDjERKbQ9VTX2RQU7g8VW1aYTE-cnyJtNRDS1-BQsUOr2mIDcNQ7qUSTU2RtidI_6aKbQsVgztss-uqwKz554y9hlXKQ9B8F7q5R2OQWBAHyLAOwlpIfC6XKFvhJr70LY/s1600/cam.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 18.6667px;"><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /></span></span><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="border: 0px; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 14pt; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: 37.3333px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Jika diperhatikan, prinsip kerja antara kamera dan <a href="http://mafia.mafiaol.com/2012/12/mata-sebagai-alat-optik.html" style="border: 0px; color: #ee4b3d; font-family: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.25s; vertical-align: baseline;" target="_blank">mata</a> kita adalah sama. Mata kita menangkap bayangannya di retina yang akan diolah oleh otak melalui saraf, sedangkan pada kamera, bayangan yang ditangkap lensa dibentuk pada film. Telah kamu ketahui bahwa bayangan yang dibentuk oleh lensa cembung bersifat nyata dan terbalik. Bayangan yang dibentuk pada film kamera bersifat nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil seperti ditunjukkan pada di bawah ini.<o:p style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"></o:p></span></div>
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Sumber :https://mafia.mafiaol.com/2012/12/penerapanaplikasi-alat-optik-dalam.html </div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-85373267846258802122018-05-07T19:48:00.001-07:002018-05-07T19:48:11.319-07:00Indra Penglihatan Serangga<span style="background-color: white;">INDRA PENGLIHATAN SERANGGA</span><br />
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<b><span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Sistem Indra pada Serangga</span></b></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> Serangga memiliki indera penglihatan berupa mata tunggal (oseli), mata majemuk (mata faset) dan ada pula yang memiliki keduanya. Mata tunggal umumnya berbentuk segitiga, mata majemuk terdiri dari ribuan alat penerima rangsangan cahaya yang disebut <b>Omatidium.</b> Setiap omatidiun terdiri dari lensa, sel konus, pigmen, sel fotoreseptor, dan jatuh tegak lurus pada lensa.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Apabila dibagi kedalam kelompok alat indera, maka dapat kita bagi kedalam tiga grup kelompok, yakni :<a name='more'></a></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Kemoreseptor</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Yaitu alat indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan zat kimia yaitu indera pembau (hidung) dan indera pengecap (lidah).Penciuman, penghiduan, atau olfaksi, adalah penangkapan atau perasaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">bau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">. Perasaan ini dimediasi oleh sel sensor tespesialisasi pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongga_hidung&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Rongga hidung (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">rongga hidung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Vertebrata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">vertebrata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, dan dengan analogi, sel sensor pada</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Antena"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">antena</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Invertebrata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">invertebrata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Untuk hewan penghirup udara, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_olfaktori&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Sistem olfaktori (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">sistem olfaktori</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> mendeteksi</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_kimia" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Zat kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">zat kimia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Asiri (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">asiri</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> atau, pada kasus sistem olfaktori aksesori, fase </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cair"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">cair</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">. Pada organisme yang hidup di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">air</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Ikan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">ikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustasea" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Krustasea"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">krustasea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, zat kimia terkandung pada medium air di sekitarnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Penciuman, seperti halnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecapan" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Pengecapan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">pengecapan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, adalah suatu bentuk</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemosensor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Kemosensor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">kemosensor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">. Zat kimia yang mengaktifkan sistem olfaktori, biasanya dalam konsentrasi yang sangat kecil, disebut dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Bau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">bau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">.</span></span></div>
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<img src="https://tse1.mm.bing.net/th?id=OIP.EVDoCm8fM05ZWhfiocG_FAAAAA&pid=15.1&P=0&w=368&h=171" /></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Mekanoreseptor</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Yaitu alata indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan gaya berat, tegangan suara dan tekanan yakni indera peraba (kulit) dan indera pendengaran (telinga). Pendengaran adalah kemampuan untuk mengenali </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Suara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">suara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">. Dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">manusia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang_bertulang_belakang" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Binatang bertulang belakang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">binatang bertulang belakang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, hal ini dilakukan terutama oleh sistem pendengaran yang terdiri dari</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Telinga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">telinga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">, syaraf-syaraf, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Otak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">otak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Tidak semua suara dapat dikenali oleh semua binatang. Beberapa spesies dapat mengenali amplitudo dan frekuensi tertentu. Manusia dapat mendengar dari 20 </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Hertz"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Hz</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> sampai 20.000 Hz. Bila dipaksa mendengar frekuensi yang terlalu tinggi terus menerus, sistem pendengaran dapat menjadi rusak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Photoreseptor/ Fotoreseptor</span></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">Yaitu alat indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan cahaya seperti indera penglihatan atau mata. Penglihatan adalah kemampuan untuk mengenali </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Cahaya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">cahaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;"> dan menafsirkannya, salah satu dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra" style="color: #993322; text-decoration-line: none;" title="Indra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">indra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">. Alat tubuh yang digunakan untuk melihat adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" style="color: #ff3300;" title="Mata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">mata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="background-color: white;">Sumber : </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: Times New Roman, serif;">http://nyaknurul.blogspot.co.id/2011/03/sistem-indra-pada-hewan.html</span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-63006651537631910262018-05-07T19:42:00.003-07:002018-05-07T19:42:37.943-07:00Indra Penglihatan ManusiaINDRA PENGLIHATAN MANUSIA<br />
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<b><a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Indera Penglihatan</a></b> pada Manusia (Mata) : Struktur Fungsi Bagian - Mata mempunyai reseptor untuk menangkap rangsang cahaya yang disebut fotoreseptor. Oleh karena itu, pada siang hari pantulan sinar matahari oleh benda-benda di sekeliling kita dapat kita tangkap dengan jelas. Sebaliknya pada malam hari, benda-benda di sekitar kita tidak memantulkan cahaya matahari seperti waktu siang hari. Akibatnya, kita hanya mampu melihat benda-benda itu bila mereka memantulkan cahaya dari sumber cahaya lain, misalnya lampu. Perhatikan Gambar 1. untuk mengetahui bagian-bagian bola mata. (Baca juga : <a href="http://perpustakaancyber.blogspot.com/2012/12/sistem-indera-pada-manusia.html" style="color: #5a66ff; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank">Indera Manusia</a>)</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: verdana; font-size: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5uH4XlbbWOUV07xcipGQ5WiC_vynsDonmwkyYNYsUoxCQUSzNZ_UuRnoYme_bgg9RTRV7kmAivOLt4idLQUm41ntKh9nVvyMUDb6d_RocbNnRklCJ_NXNhWZasGQis4FmQ4m2N4nXPA/s1600/Bagian-bagian-bola-mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Bagian-bagian bola mata" border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje5uH4XlbbWOUV07xcipGQ5WiC_vynsDonmwkyYNYsUoxCQUSzNZ_UuRnoYme_bgg9RTRV7kmAivOLt4idLQUm41ntKh9nVvyMUDb6d_RocbNnRklCJ_NXNhWZasGQis4FmQ4m2N4nXPA/s400/Bagian-bagian-bola-mata.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Bagian-bagian bola mata" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 1. Bagian-bagian bola mata</td></tr>
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Mata terdiri atas beberapa bagian. Bagian-bagian mata dan fungsinya dijelaskan dalam Tabel 1. berikut.<a name='more'></a></div>
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Tabel 1. Bagian-Bagian Mata dan Fungsinya</div>
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<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; width: 661px;"><tbody>
<tr style="height: 13.9pt;"><td colspan="4" style="background: rgb(154, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 281.2pt;" valign="top" width="375"><div class="Default">
<b><span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Bagian Mata<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td><td colspan="2" style="background: rgb(154, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.9pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 214.45pt;" valign="top" width="286"><div class="Default">
<b><span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Fungsi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 31.5pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">a.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Sklera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">pembungkus lapisan luar<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 31.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Melindungi bola mata dari kerusakan mekanis dan memungkinkan melototnya otot mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.15pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">b.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Kornea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">selaput bening tembus pandang pada bagian depan sklera<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.15pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Penerima rangsang cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 12.25pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 12.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Mereaksikan cahaya<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 38.5pt;"><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">c.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">lapisan tengah di antara sklera dan retina berupa selaput darah (kecuali di bagian depan)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="background: rgb(205, 255, 255); border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 38.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="Default">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;">Penyedia makan bagi bagian mata yang lain<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 6.75pt;"><td rowspan="2" style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">d.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Iris (selaput pelangi)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td rowspan="2" style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">selaput berwarna (mengandung pigmen melanin) merupakan bagian depan koroidea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 6.75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Melindungi refleksi cahaya dalam mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 23pt;"><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 23pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengendalikan kerja pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.5pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">e.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pupil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa lubang yang dibatasi oleh iris<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mengatur banyak sedikit cahaya yang diperlukan mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 24.4pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">f.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 83.4pt;" valign="top" width="111"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Lensa<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 17.45pt;" valign="top" width="23"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa lensa bikonveks<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.4pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 197.95pt;" valign="top" width="264"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Membiaskan dan memfokuskan cahaya agar bayangan benda tepat jatuh pada retina mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="height: 13.65pt;"><td style="border: 1pt solid windowtext; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 23.15pt;" valign="top" width="31"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">g.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa cairan encer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menjaga bentuk kantong depan bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">h.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Vitreous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 24.5pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 157.2pt;" valign="top" width="210"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa cairan bening dan kental selaput jala<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Meneruskan rangsang ke bagian mata mem-perkukuh bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">i.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
</td><td style="border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-left: none; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: none; height: 13.65pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt; width: 16.5pt;" valign="top" width="22"><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menerima bayangan dan untuk melihat benda<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">j.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fovea (bintik kuning)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa bagian yang mengandung sel- sel kerucut<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sebagai tempat bayangan jatuh pada daerah retina<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">k.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Badan silia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa otot melingkar dan otot radial yang terdekat pada ujung depan lapisan koroid yang membentuk penebalan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menyokong lensa dan mensekresikan aqueous humor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">l.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bintik buta<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">tempat saraf optik meninggalkan bagian dalam bola mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tidak peka terhadap cahaya karena tidak mengandung sel konus dan sedikit sel batang<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">m.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Saraf mata<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">berupa serabut saraf<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">•<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="color: #211d1e; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">Meneruskan rangsang cahaya ke saraf kranial (saraf optik)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<div>
<br />Rangsang yang diterima indra penglihat (mata) berupa cahaya. Cahaya yang masuk melalui kornea akan diteruskan seperti berikut.</div>
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Cahaya <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Aqueous humor </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Pupil </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Lensa </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; line-height: 18px;">Vitreous humor </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">→ </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif;"><span style="line-height: 18px;">Retina</span></span></div>
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Apabila cahaya yang masuk terlalu terang, pupil akan menyempit atau mengalami konstriksi. Bila cahaya redup, pupil akan melebar atau mengalami dilatasi. Cahaya yang dipantulkan ke mata masuk ke dalam retina khususnya pada fovea (bintik kuning). Cahaya ini dapat terfokus ke dalam fovea karena diatur oleh lensa. Lensa mata mempunyai kemampuan untuk memipih dan mencembung. Kemampuan ini disebut daya akomodasi. Coba</div>
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Anda rasakan gerakan otot mata Anda saat membaca buku ini.</div>
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Pada jarak seperti ini berarti jarak benda dekat. Apakah Anda merasakan adanya perubahan pada otot mata Anda bila dibandingkan dengan otot mata yang digunakan saat melihat benda yang jauh?</div>
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Otot yang terikat pada lensa dan dinding koroidea ini disebut otot siliaris. Otot ini berfungsi mengubah bentuk lensa. Apabila lensa digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak dekat maka lensa mata akan mencembung, bentuk lensa akan memipih bila digunakan untuk melihat benda jarak jauh. Pada retina terkandung 2 macam sel yaitu sel batang dan sel kerucut. Sel batang mengandung pigmen rhodopsin, yaitu suatu bentuk senyawa vitamin A dengan protein tertentu. Sel-sel ini paling banyak terletak di fovea dan berfungsi untuk menerima bayangan dengan cahaya lemah, dan bayangan yang terbentuk atau terpersepsi hitam putih. Perhatikan Gambar 2.</div>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="color: #555555; font-size: 15px; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTraYnGg3PDpcHvsV8v9J6GHriVAko-pwWu2v5_uS-Oaa6vrmzNHywVKbufaVOl-U1THWfPTd4S-bn4bH_ef2WPfcIbE4CSQeCcu8jfrnVFlf8aTGPZGg6mqgcde4Tn_55VQBltZJRzM/s1600/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiCTraYnGg3PDpcHvsV8v9J6GHriVAko-pwWu2v5_uS-Oaa6vrmzNHywVKbufaVOl-U1THWfPTd4S-bn4bH_ef2WPfcIbE4CSQeCcu8jfrnVFlf8aTGPZGg6mqgcde4Tn_55VQBltZJRzM/s320/Sel-kerucut-dan-sel-batang-pada-mata.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata" width="291" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 2. Sel kerucut dan sel batang pada mata</td></tr>
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<div>
Apakah Anda pernah mengalami pandangan menjadi gelap saat masuk ruangan (dari luar ruangan yang terang benderang)?</div>
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Bagaimana hal tersebut dapat terjadi? Saat Anda berada di luar ruangan (terdapat cahaya matahari) sel kerucut melakukan tugasnya menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Sementara itu, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin dalam sel batang akan terurai sehingga sel batang tidak dapat bekerja dengan baik. Jika tiba-tiba Anda masuk ke ruangan gelap, pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin yang terurai dalam sel batang akan terbentuk kembali, dan sel batang akan mengambil alih tugas sel kerucut dalam menyampaikan bayangan ke otak. Terbentuknya pigmen-pigmen rhodopsin itu berlangsung secara bertahap. Hal ini menyebabkan seseorang tidak dapat segera melihat dengan jelas saat memasuki ruang gelap. Lama waktu yang diperlukan untuk proses pembentukan rhodopsin disebut waktu adaptasi rhodopsin.</div>
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Selain mengandung sel batang, retina juga mengandung sel kerucut atau sel konus. Sel ini mengandung iodopsin. Fungsi sel konus untuk menerima rangsang warna merah, biru, dan hijau. Setiap satu sel kerucut mengandung satu di antara ketiga pigmen. Apabila retina mata hanya memiliki satu pigmen atau sel kerucut satu maka akan mengalami buta warna. Orang yang hanya memiliki dua macam sel kerucut disebut dikromat.</div>
<div>
Sementara itu, orang yang hanya memiliki satu macam sel kerucut disebut monokromat. Pada monokromat, warna yang terlihat oleh mata hanya hitam dan putih serta bayangan kelabu.</div>
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<div>
Seluruh bagian retina terdapat sel-sel batang maupun sel kerucut, kecuali tempat saraf mata berada. Daerah tempat saraf mata ini sangat kecil hingga menyerupai sebuah titik saja. Titik kecil ini disebut bintik buta.</div>
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<div>
Kemampuan lensa memfokuskan bayangan pada retina berbeda-beda. Berikut ini adalah gambar lensa saat memfokuskan bayangan tersebut.</div>
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Selain harus ada cahaya, syarat agar mata dapat melihat dengan baik yaitu mata harus dalam keadaan normal. Mata normal (emetropi) yaitu mata yang dapat berakomodasi dengan baik.Titik terjauh (punctum remotum) berada pada jarak sejauhjauhnya. Titik terdekat (punctum proximum) berada pada jarak baca ideal (25 cm) di depan mata. Perhatikan Gambar 3.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzgldkqKPx_irTxDiWXU844ePum7nGBbuFlUKg1iPDz9KRwnc6KgfEVUdutHT5o210qEQBOOzF3erC7wO5Om7rnT4UmGyLoqgnz_mkT3Ko_ZTrh7nNrQs8gDc8nmIZdu30McY7TSaC7I/s1600/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" border="0" height="116" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzgldkqKPx_irTxDiWXU844ePum7nGBbuFlUKg1iPDz9KRwnc6KgfEVUdutHT5o210qEQBOOzF3erC7wO5Om7rnT4UmGyLoqgnz_mkT3Ko_ZTrh7nNrQs8gDc8nmIZdu30McY7TSaC7I/s400/Lensa-mata-mampu-memipih-dan-mencembung.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Lensa mata mampu memipih dan mencembung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 3. Lensa mata mampu memipih (a) dan mencembung (b)</td></tr>
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Oleh karena sesuatu hal, mata dapat mengalami cacat mata. Perhatikan Gambar 4. untuk mengetahui macam-macam cacat mata.</div>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PF7fUQCgA7K6K_7rRSkGt9liTyIiGK3VUROzY7WrL-5f7qzhvinWAFy5ytxClZT9Gq-8pwkJHJ-K-b4bnPDZaVcuO-2T-KB6DxKJGdr2kIixChLoOIdkMgHzYOfMzvwiEF4qiAVr2J4/s1600/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="color: #5a66ff; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-decoration-line: none;"><img alt="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" border="0" height="212" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9PF7fUQCgA7K6K_7rRSkGt9liTyIiGK3VUROzY7WrL-5f7qzhvinWAFy5ytxClZT9Gq-8pwkJHJ-K-b4bnPDZaVcuO-2T-KB6DxKJGdr2kIixChLoOIdkMgHzYOfMzvwiEF4qiAVr2J4/s400/Cacat-mata-pada-manusia-hipermetropi-dan-miopi.jpg" style="border-width: 0px; max-width: 100%;" title="Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi dan miopi" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption">Gambar 4. Cacat mata pada manusia hipermetropi (a) dan miopi (b)</td></tr>
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<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Rabun dekat (hipermetropi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat dengan mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat mencembung dengan sempurna. Rabun dekat dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa positif atau cembung.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Rabun jauh (miopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang jauh dari mata. Hal ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat memipih dengan sempurna. Rabun jauh dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa negatif atau cekung.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mata tua (presbiopi) adalah cacat mata yang mengakibatkan pandangan mata kabur jika melihat benda yang dekat maupun benda yang jauh. Cacat mata ini karena lensa mata tidak dapat berakomodasi dengan baik. Mata tua dapat dibantu dengan kacamata berlensa ganda.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Buta warna adalah cacat mata karena kerusakan sel konus, sehingga penderita tidak dapat membedakan warna. Biasanya merupakan cacat keturunan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Astigmatisme adalah kecembungan kornea tidak merata sehingga bayangan menjadi tidak terfokus (kabur). Cacat mata ini dapat dibantu dengan lensa silinder (silindris).</li>
</ol>
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Sumber : http://www.nafiun.com/2012/12/indera-penglihatan-pada-manusia-mata-struktur-bagian-fungsi.html</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-72298391853527615012018-05-07T19:39:00.001-07:002018-05-07T19:39:11.488-07:00Persamaan pada Lensa PERSAMAAN PADA LENSA<br />
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Seperti pada cermin, pada lensa berlaku pula persamaan-persamaan yang menyatakan hubungan antara jarak benda, jarak bayangan, dan jarak fokus: </div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhHRrhpUDBsq-rDByNydYU-e4QyNUGkmvUHAy58wUU-gKe7SfifeDva7NUbGsmbCqhxTlM5urrOmfMhYXTlySj7fg72rWvzHpEpuoGnkLccnDX3zie1-sWCtDzBzwk3UtBNezqWUPqhW2-/s1600/persamaan.png" style="color: #0099cc; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhHRrhpUDBsq-rDByNydYU-e4QyNUGkmvUHAy58wUU-gKe7SfifeDva7NUbGsmbCqhxTlM5urrOmfMhYXTlySj7fg72rWvzHpEpuoGnkLccnDX3zie1-sWCtDzBzwk3UtBNezqWUPqhW2-/s1600/persamaan.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
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dengan: </div>
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s = jarak benda ke lensa </div>
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s’ = jarak bayangan ke lensa</div>
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f = jarak fokus lensa </div>
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Dan berlaku pula persamaan perbesaran bayangan, yaitu: <a name='more'></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqJpMYtAukgcWmr0YhueUcE7QcgzUz7ChQ8xsXIUv4Zh2LTcqp0Pz2TsMEaqKzczyNb9mxJ8TXHeRb8CV0wIiV5glKN0bbC0qoeBwT3ctRvjSlxh66b3cXMhU4jpu0oa0RzXaMruyhlxo/s1600/persamaan1.png" style="color: #0099cc; line-height: normal; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMqJpMYtAukgcWmr0YhueUcE7QcgzUz7ChQ8xsXIUv4Zh2LTcqp0Pz2TsMEaqKzczyNb9mxJ8TXHeRb8CV0wIiV5glKN0bbC0qoeBwT3ctRvjSlxh66b3cXMhU4jpu0oa0RzXaMruyhlxo/s1600/persamaan1.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
<br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">dengan:</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">M = jumlah perbesaran bayangan </span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">h' = tinggi bayangan</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">h = tinggi benda</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">s' = jarak bayangan ke lensa</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px;">s = jarak benda ke lensa</span><br style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 12.88px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br />
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Setiap lensa mempunyai kemampuan yang berbeda-beda dalam mengumpulkan atau menyebarkan berkas sinar. Karena itulah dikenal dimensi kuat lensa, yaitu kemampuan sebuah lensa untuk mengumpulkan atau menyebarkan berkas sinar. Kekuatan lensa merupakan kemampuan lensa untuk memfokuskan sinar-sinar, makin kuat lensa memfokuskan sinar akan makin besar kekuatan lensanya. Kuat lensa memiliki satuan dioptri, berbanding terbalik dengan jarak fokus lensa dalam satuan meter. Kekuatan lensa dilambangkan dengan P (power) yang dirumuskan sebagai berikut.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2kOVff2iRhmJx2PnDzXxuN3ihizLi91xlsXddusO-0t0KOS0s7aJ_pB9bfL7LW-zZ8uDeIYTWsNExU8XR2aV6JkfrRzoEjTa553nVF6khm4073dTnXkiYMpaZIwqMLKnTPHoRC-dugFF/s1600/dioptri.png" style="color: #0099cc; margin: 0px 1em; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.5s;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgW2kOVff2iRhmJx2PnDzXxuN3ihizLi91xlsXddusO-0t0KOS0s7aJ_pB9bfL7LW-zZ8uDeIYTWsNExU8XR2aV6JkfrRzoEjTa553nVF6khm4073dTnXkiYMpaZIwqMLKnTPHoRC-dugFF/s1600/dioptri.png" style="border: 0px none; margin: 0px; max-width: 100%; outline: none; padding: 0px;" /></a></div>
dengan:<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />P = kuat lensa (dioptri)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />f = jarak fokus lensa (meter)<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />Jadi, 1 dioptri adalah kuat lensa yang memiliki jarak fokus 1 meter.</div>
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Persamaan-persamaan di atas berlaku untuk kedua jenis lensa, baik lensa cembung maupun lensa cekung.</div>
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Sumber : http://modulfisika.blogspot.co.id/2013/04/kelas-viii-persamaan-pada-lensa.html</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-66115134946979190052018-05-07T19:35:00.001-07:002018-05-07T19:35:22.088-07:00Sifat Cahaya dan Proses Pembentukan BayanganLENSA<br />
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<a href="http://fisikaoptik.blogspot.com/2013/05/lensa-cembung_17.html" style="color: #fc8901; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b>Lensa Cembung</b></a></div>
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1) Benda terletak lebih jauh dari titik pusat kelengkungan lensa ( 2F2 ).<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhbG-v1PR2YJcN-BF5MTvW9Wr1ksCoh6FNLYEpuy-0g-KHNhZc9rhbL0uPzxVNniWk9L9T1NHSZayW6Fiiq7LYEch1RF39xAUsK59OUf-6tLUlZt7lfOkvNxNqIhom0TUwuJAyKk45ZNYT/s1600/cb1.gif" style="color: #fc8901; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-decoration-line: none;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhbG-v1PR2YJcN-BF5MTvW9Wr1ksCoh6FNLYEpuy-0g-KHNhZc9rhbL0uPzxVNniWk9L9T1NHSZayW6Fiiq7LYEch1RF39xAUsK59OUf-6tLUlZt7lfOkvNxNqIhom0TUwuJAyKk45ZNYT/s1600/cb1.gif" style="border: 1px solid rgb(238, 238, 238); padding: 2px;" /></a></div>
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Bayangan benda terletak di antara F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> dan 2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>, membentuk bayangan nyata, terbalik dan diperkecil.</div>
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2) Benda terletak pada titik pusat kelengkungan lensa ( 2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> ).<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Bayangan benda terletak di 2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> membentuk bayangan nyata, terbalik dan sama besar.<br /> </div>
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3) Benda terletak di antara titik fokus (F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>) dan titik pusat kelengkungan lensa (2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span>) <a name='more'></a></div>
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Bayangan benda terletak di belakang 2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>, membentuk bayangan nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar.</div>
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4) Benda terletak di titik fokus ( F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 </span>)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Tidak terbentuk bayangan karena tidak ada perpotongan antara sinar – sinar istimewa.</div>
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5) Benda terletak di antara titik fokus F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> dan O<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both;">
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Bayangan benda terletak di antara F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2 dan 2</span>F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">2</span> , membentuk bayangan maya, tegak dan diperbesar.</div>
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<a href="http://fisikaoptik.blogspot.com/2013/05/lensa-cekung.html" style="color: #fc8901; text-decoration-line: none;" target="_blank"><b>Lensa Cekung</b></a></div>
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<br />1) Benda terletak lebih jauh dari titik pusat kelengkungan lensa ( 2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> )<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Bayangan yang terbentuk bersifat maya, tegak, diperkecil, dan terletak di antara O dan F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span><br /><br /><br /><br />2) Benda terletak di antara titik pusat kelengkungan lensa (2F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1 </span>) dan titik fokus lensa (F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>)<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Bayangan yang terbentuk bersifat bersifat maya, tegak, diperkecil dan terletak di antara F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1 </span>dan O<br /><br />3) Benda terletak di antara titik fokus (F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span>) dan O </div>
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<br />Bayangan yang terbentuk bersifat maya, tegak, diperkecil, dan terletak di antara F<span style="font-size: xx-small;">1</span> dan O</div>
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Sumber : http://fisikaoptik.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-lensa-cekung.html</div>
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SINAR SINAR ISTIMEWA PADA PEMBIASAN CAHAYA OLEH LENSA CEMBUNG DAN CEKUNG</div>
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Sinar-sinar Istimewa pada Lensa Cembung</h4>
Untuk melukis pembentukan bayangan benda pada lensa cembung dapat digunakan sinar-sinar istimewa, yaitu:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 538px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWhYhUwK63mN7DxteGZB3MnAAZ8vx0UWkL-sugDrZEBIDGpJ6_layYl0Lw8CzqArYgDKJV5liQSEP3XmHUz_g4BAR5zmIjVvFo0T5dC3hncQdXy_6Kwphc-LRDPZqzIVBfj5oi5gKkIgS_/s1600/sinar+istimewa+pada+lensa+cembung.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #27ae60; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transition: all 0.3s ease-in;"><img alt="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" border="0" height="176" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWhYhUwK63mN7DxteGZB3MnAAZ8vx0UWkL-sugDrZEBIDGpJ6_layYl0Lw8CzqArYgDKJV5liQSEP3XmHUz_g4BAR5zmIjVvFo0T5dC3hncQdXy_6Kwphc-LRDPZqzIVBfj5oi5gKkIgS_/s400/sinar+istimewa+pada+lensa+cembung.JPG" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 538px;" title="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td class="tr-caption" style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 12px; font-style: italic; padding: 0px; user-select: text;">Gambar: Sinar-sinar Istimewa pada Lensa Cembung</td></tr>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />a) Berkas sinar datang yang sejajar sumbu utama, akan dibiaskan menuju titik fokus di seberang.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />b) Berkas sinar datang melalui titik fokus, akan dibiaskan sejajar dengan sumbu utama.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />c) Berkas sinar datang melalui titik pusat optik tidak mengalami pembiasan, akan tetapi diteruskan.</div>
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<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNI2jZ010ImHSQv4-k41b2CvlvQ4FPOzvyVeJXODLLPn_OfY0y4nNcWGx4e7UyA6yMnqrXCvkyM_1xtOq6tGPGw-JiwbIdMz2jSga9ujdryWN6Z0anO_AgfUWsrlTKMG1l7VCiVp05hzhc/s1600/pembentukan+bayangan+pada+lensa+cembung.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #27ae60; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transition: all 0.3s ease-in;"><img alt="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNI2jZ010ImHSQv4-k41b2CvlvQ4FPOzvyVeJXODLLPn_OfY0y4nNcWGx4e7UyA6yMnqrXCvkyM_1xtOq6tGPGw-JiwbIdMz2jSga9ujdryWN6Z0anO_AgfUWsrlTKMG1l7VCiVp05hzhc/s400/pembentukan+bayangan+pada+lensa+cembung.JPG" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 538px;" title="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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Sinar-sinar Istimewa pada Lensa Cekung</h4>
Untuk melukis pembentukan bayangan benda pada lensa cekung, digunakan sinar-sinar istimewa, yaitu:<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 538px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuC3u0gQF8AOYZ3fE0g0SKmzDg7acwRSVSMe8O3mGYIXALFfCYXPwXBIx5nTWk4jBtOZOiZ5k93THRLT9fKL7VdWRVI1uySlW5nWJLm2h0PEL7eRUNR-H3XPoCOnK5GJvdUGWN6lYAtru-/s1600/sinar+istimewa+pada+lensa+cekung.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #27ae60; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transition: all 0.3s ease-in;"><img alt="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" border="0" height="153" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjuC3u0gQF8AOYZ3fE0g0SKmzDg7acwRSVSMe8O3mGYIXALFfCYXPwXBIx5nTWk4jBtOZOiZ5k93THRLT9fKL7VdWRVI1uySlW5nWJLm2h0PEL7eRUNR-H3XPoCOnK5GJvdUGWN6lYAtru-/s400/sinar+istimewa+pada+lensa+cekung.JPG" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 538px;" title="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />a) Berkas sinar datang yang sejajar sumbu utama akan dibiaskan seolah-olah dari titik fokus pertama.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />b) Berkas sinar datang menuju titik fokus kedua akan dibiaskan sejajar dengan sumbu utama.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />c) Berkas sinar datang melalui titik pusat optik tidak mengalami pembiasan, akan tetapi diteruskan.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: none; box-sizing: border-box; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px; text-align: center; width: 538px;"><tbody style="box-sizing: border-box;">
<tr style="box-sizing: border-box;"><td style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px; user-select: text;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8aI8FVrZ5OjLfcHwo3rVpZ3dQqDS3OdiHoL-AmRWYmwK0F2RvHZa0ucTzEdvP5yS4cw11Sz13dKJhcCGld6drGHitv256aDs20yZVW8lV8O63vx1TxbJrhxQlJvefhTEDhYJifHa5LkBZ/s1600/pembentukan+bayangan+pada+lensa+cekung.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="-webkit-font-smoothing: antialiased !important; background-color: transparent; box-sizing: border-box; color: #27ae60; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; transition: all 0.3s ease-in;"><img alt="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" border="0" height="143" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8aI8FVrZ5OjLfcHwo3rVpZ3dQqDS3OdiHoL-AmRWYmwK0F2RvHZa0ucTzEdvP5yS4cw11Sz13dKJhcCGld6drGHitv256aDs20yZVW8lV8O63vx1TxbJrhxQlJvefhTEDhYJifHa5LkBZ/s400/pembentukan+bayangan+pada+lensa+cekung.JPG" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: block; height: auto; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; max-width: 100%; vertical-align: middle; width: 538px;" title="Sinar-Sinar Istimewa Pada Lensa Cembung dan Lensa Cekung" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Demikian pembahasan singkat, namun padat dan jelas tentang pembiasan cahaya pada lensa yang menitik beratkan pada sinar-sinar istimewa pada lensa cembung dan lensa cekung.</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-57001304199422268712018-05-07T19:17:00.002-07:002018-05-07T19:17:55.459-07:00Sifat Cahaya dan Proses Pembentukan BayanganPEMBENTUKAN BAYANGAN PADA CERMIN<br />
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin adalah kaca bening yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi raksa sehingga dapat memantulkan cahaya yang<span style="color: black;">diterimanya.</span><span style="color: #464646;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Cermin dibagi menjadi 3 macam, yaitu :</span></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">1.<span style="color: black;">Cermin Datar</span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin datar adalah kaca yang salah satu permukaannya dilapisi amalgam perak. Cermin datar dapat memantulkan seluruh berkas cahaya yang jatuh kepadanya.</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat-sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin datar yaitu :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bayangannya bersifat maya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama besar dengan bendanya. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Tegak</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">d)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Menghadap terbalik dengan bendanya.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">e)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jarak bayangan ke cermin sama dengan jarak benda ke cermin (jarak bayangan = jarak benda)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b>2.<span style="color: black;">Cermin Cekung</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;"><b><span style="color: black;"><br /></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cekung adalah cermin yang permukaan bidang pantulnya melengkung ke dalam (cekung).Cermin cekung disebut juga cermin <u>konkaf</u>atau cermin positif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cekung bersifat mengumpulkan sinar pantul (konvergen). Ketika sinar-sinar sejajar dikenakan pada cermin cekung, sinar pantulnya akan berpotongan pada satu titik, yang dinamakan titik api atau titik fokus (<i>F</i>).<a name='more'></a></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cekung :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama tegak </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diperbesar </span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bagian-Bagian Cermin Cekung</span></u></div>
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" 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<br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">F : Titik fokus.</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin (f).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OM : Sumbu utama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">R1, R2, dan R3 : Ruang di depan cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">R4 : Ruang di belakang cermin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cekung</span></u></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang sejajar dengan sumbu utama akan dipantulkan melalui titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="" height="110" 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href="data:image/png;base64,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" imageanchor="1" style="color: #ed3c30; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang melalui titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></span></a></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"><img alt="" height="118" 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<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;"><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a><a href="https://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7152263440248901576" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; color: #ed3c30; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; outline: none;"></a>
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang melalui titik pusat lengkungan cermin akan dipantulkan ke titik itu juga</span></span></li>
</ul>
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<br /><br /><u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan bayangan pada cermin cekung</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di ruang III, maka bayangan yang terbentuk terletak di ruang II yang bersifat nyata, terbalik, dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="203" 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style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;">
<br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di titik M, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah nyata, tebalik, dan sama besar.</span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="218" 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" 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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> 3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Jika objek terletak di ruang II, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang III yang bersifat nyata, terbalik dan diperbesar.</span><br /><br /></div>
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EWDAcjyfoM1D48LswjakoqmTkODR+cWVR+qcDQYgCxfNFjz5Lgwi6CtOtzRb2iwr2+dRIMByPJLg702Lswi6AIc6Ro0NLhrbEr1oQpHgwHI8kuDNc+MC7MIumDHLsYMDW4Zuan6UIWjwQBk+ajBXhgXZhG0jIDdvpAGA5DlowZrqseFWQQt6eT1G4YGHx8YVn2owtFgALL81WBN3bgwi6DlBewWwjQYgCzfNVjJuDCLoG1hbvDhjn7VhyocDQYgy3cN1lwfF2YRtF1G5xYNDfb1LYRpMABZfmyw5uK4MIugbUSDAWALnzbYnXFhFkHbiwYDwBY+bbDm/Lgwi6BtR4MBYAv/NtjRcWEWQTthOrFkaHB5pFX1oQpHgwHI8m+DNcfGhVkE7RD9H1Lmo6y2WfWhCkeDAcjydYM1B8aFWQTtHBoMAFv4vcE2jguzCNppNBgAtvB7gzWbxoVZBO0CGgwAWwSgwZr0uDCLoN1BgwFgi2A0WGZcmEXQrqHBALBFMBqsFTouzCJoNyVTKUODi6uiqg9VOBoMQFZgGlzAuDCLoN1naLD3/13lQYMByApMgzWL48IsglaCBgPAc0FqsCY8LswiaFVoMAA1Yrfn64biFU2d+uP4wHDfxEwypXgXRMAavLaZ+qvPht/r/yLP88wiaIVoMAC3jS88KI+0mr/7FFVGSqvru8amFJ4tSA3Wn+dXPmwtOX2p6J26rM8zi6DVosEAXHV8YDhrfTMfB9t6Vb0gDkyDM5/nXSf7in9xzvw8720f/O//+3csglaIBgNwjznAO9498f3jZ3a8e8KcYSUnDEaDDc/zjp/+qvTTq9//qC3zed758W9eb+r/SVuf6sOGGg32tctvvfDCCy+URe+qPgggYHzhQeb3mp3/dLqkeUAv3O72WEnzwM7jbZkfoORN6QA0ePvn+eftuxp+u+tkn/4Gtdo3/0OOBkvRG/iM+y2kwfCNZCpVVtuc/kZT/NG53e2x13752csfNBVVRnb87FTxR+d2t13b1fDbzJ9ZLq+tu3xOvzc45/Ncc7rk9KVXPzr3WuRfdrddLznzefonxEqeZ+hocMHM/bsbLXvhrctqzwB41ODU3cxXZrvbYy9/0PTieyeKIx2vN17cGe3a8X7DjvcbSluHdv68Pf2RxweGXT6n3xuc53kuabq0u+1aScvgrvoLyp9n6GhwgbxRP2+cQtP0//7wxkngUccuPs9YyZnPX/vlZy9WfVxy5vP0e6S726699I+Nr9Z+urvt2kvPfmxZ0dTp8jn93uDtn+f26154nqGjwYXRk+Pyq14zGowCmf8/X+Qh8xX3NXQ8fXf0/frd7bEdPzv12onzGWGI7W6Pvf7r/qJ36na3XSv955b026R2/ZUFmRtseHi8wSLPc8npy8qfZ+hocGGeNjhfhLNnWq9m5i9mdjTj58vpD3n2pbJ9uYw/m/lhhhSKnqTQv8XWn4qbDpp5sqydlnkGRD4/snC/wekfUu768Iz+srLk9CVDG3a3XdN/vfijc6q+Jfm9wds+z6X6y/p36tQ+z9DR4EKlY5Hre77VBl9+/tPk9B+9Gy1Lf/5sr3mf/Vr0ree/Yf66Tjf4+cdl7WvGLz79bIYPk3wGtv38jjP9J4gPFNZgma/4l3//D08/zzt1u9tjL1Z9vKvht8bXZ2c+L6qMlH5y9eXqU7Z80QIUVUb+ddErf/FXf5frSfjeD3/0r/7i37t/MEHm5/n1X/cbnufST68V/+Kc2ucZAVNdXe32ddF5Xnlm/LZgg81Xd72Q/QO3fKVnf3brFzF+ZZUNzv75sv2XRGHPgMjnd5z9/5ydl/7O+2LVxy9/0JTnseOn9bZ8m/7eD3+U/jyln1x99cPWlz9oMrSh+KNzO352and7rOh/faR/5F/+/T/Y9VcWpDf435T+p//wP/5n1se/+89/6+UGG57nnXXnSz+5srtty/P8Wt1npZ9eVfs8I2AUNFjTNMP7sFtKVch70Xn/bM4Gm4pj+GV/NLiwZ0Dk8zvOuX/Wzkl/m3619lPjG8KGLkY6bGnwv/3BX6c/T/FH50pbh15878Qr/9SiXy5U+slV/X3R1xsvZo4nfe+HP7LrryxIb3D+j/FygzOf510NPbvbYy/946/Nz3NJy2BJ65DC5xkBo6rBmqZteUX8/Lu/wgYb/jgNhklmg/V3gLM+Xm+8mNlgma+4vLZeXBV9/pl/3V/SPKAPB+uPHe837DrZW/rJ1dfef/7Kezph4fa3thB/Z97lgwlKP8/FvzhXcubzkqZLuZ7n0paBVz5sVfU8Q9M0/cKCzEdZbbPqQxVO8Z4s4/vCNHjrR2eyt8HbfX5kYW6w+RWwvQ3WNC3zQqeX3j3x2i8/01+Zvd54UX+Vtutkb3FGgI90Ddrylw2buqH4a3WflZy+9GLVx3me55eqG/V3I3ieVaHB9nraAuNlRVk+JjQNNl0/bvPrYKHPjyyUNFjLmJx5+tXf/9XOfz5THOnYebxt17FTmb+1p6ZxdSMp/xVD6Gh85geffv7ieye2fZ53Rru+f/K3PM+q0GB7be0GPw/O9ou2Nljw8yMLVQ1e3UjujbYbvu+YH3tqGnl3tADJb797OzZ56Oqt5LffiXz82maqvDt+a3nV6YMhq9mlFRpsI0OZBK9jtr/BpkIKX1Gd8y+17Z/N2r4smbe1wYKfH1moarCmaclUKv/tC490DfLKrABrm6lDV28djc8IBlh3+d7S/v4xS38EdhmdWzT84/f1wjI3G3z5rRwDNrnrqm+TduJ18PYvesVOkvuvKvBnLUTT+GGFPwNinx9ZKGywbnZp5UjXYOZr4rLa5oNtvaNzizZ+lfBY20zt7x+r+fJOAX/20NVbLZMLth8J26LBUoyXAuWeEc74bSca/NblrYfJ9ipQ5CS5iP7ZjI97/lvm4S3Ty2ipa7IEPj+yUN5g2Cjx+MmbfTdOTdwr+I+XnR9JPH5i66GwPRoMhBQNDoz5r795o2e0805C5pO0TC4cunrLriNBEA0GQkpdg7NO0+f7MH66n8fMyuPy7njv7Fd5P8qwU93grcualvz2u/39Y5fvcR2cq/omZgwNPtjWq/pQhaPBgChPNDhPXgVLHW5fJFbKu+NfJFa2+8Bnz2bep/LW8mp5d3xtM2XnEZFX19iU+YJE1YcqHA0GRHmjwdvd8YQG53Zt8WF5d/x3f/qzwMcKNVjTtJov7xR2VRcK0zJy09DgYxdjqg9VOBoMiFLe4LKyPPe4enr1Xb4PCbfe2a/Kzo/MrDwW+3DRBjMu7DLzLTLrhuKqD1U4GgyIUt7gt6K578H99Lr7qJpbUXpey+TCGz2jVi5jFm2wxriwu8yD8iev31B9qMLRYECU+gZfNi0afebZ6Jui20F7W3R8bn//mMU5IgsN1hgXdtGRrkFDg7vGplQfqnA0GBDlgQabt33rLr/1tBY02OhofGZ//5j1y6asNZhxYdeYG9w3MaP6UIWjwYAoLzQ4e4TTCabBGawugt4q92xSjieXcWF3VDR1Ghrs6z1xNBgQ5YkGZ1nxmrnwmwY/pS+CrhyeLvTHtNZeB2uMC7uFBgMh5ZEGP4tw5j7y9P9GgzXt2SLoo3GZtygtN1hjXNgV5ZFWQ4PvP/LxRek0GBDllQZvjbD+e4YbX4e5wZKLoJ8ppMEa48LOK6ttpsFAGHmmwZkR3prg0DdYXwR99o/3pT9TgQ1mXNhppdX1hgarPpEUGgyI8k6Dn0c4argdV6gbPLPyuOz8yHaLoAUV2GCNcWGHGQJMg4Gw8FCDt161a/71EDZYeBG0oMIbrDEu7JjVjaQhwGW1zaoPJYUGA6K81ODsd54ObYOtLIIWJNVgxoUdcv/RKg0GQspTDc7RiDA22OIiaEFSDdYYF3bG7NKKocH7GjpUH0oKDQZEeavBeT8yPA22vghakGyDGRd2wujcoqHBFU2dqg8lhQYDotQ1GNkVtAjaPYwL2y5gNw/WaDAgjgZ7SqGLoF3FuLC9Tl6/YWjw8YFh1YeSQoMBUTTYI+QWQbuKcWF7mW9c2DJyU/WhpNBgQBQN9gLpRdBuY1zYRgG7aZJGgwFxNFg5OxZBK8C4sF0CdsMGjQYD4miwWjYtglaAcWG7BOyGDRoNBsTRYIXsWwStBuPCtjAvi17dSKo+lBQaDIiiwarYughaDcaF5SVTKUOAi6uiqg8liwYDomiwEnYvglaGcWFJwVtUqdFgQBwNdp8Di6BVYlxYRvCWZGk0GBBHg13mzCJolRgXltE3MWNo8OGOftWHkkWDAVE02E2OLYJWjHHhgrWM3DQ0+NjFmOpDyaLBgCga7BqPL4KWxLhwYcxLsuqG4qoPJYsGA6JosDt8sQhaBuPChTEvyeoam1J9KFk0GBBFg53mo0XQkhgXLoB5SVbs9rzqQ8miwYAoGuwo3y2ClsG4cAHMS7KmE75/AmkwIIoGO8eni6BlMC5slSHARf5fkqXRYEAcDXaIfxdBS2JcWJx5QceemkbVh7IBDQZE0WAn+H0RtAzGhcXFbs8bGryvoUP1oWxAgwFRNNh2AVgELYlxYUFnRyeCt6BDo8GAOBpsr8AsgpbEuLCIYxdjwRsO1mgwII4G2yhgi6BlMC4s4mBbb/CGgzUaDIijwXYJ3iJoSYwLb2tvtN3Q4PGFB6oPZQMaDIiiwbYI6iJoGYwLb6u4Kmpo8PLauupD2YAGA6JosLxgL4KWwbhwHstr64YAl1bXqz6UPWgwIIoGSwr8ImhJjAvnYr5z8N5ou+pD2YMGA6JocMHCswhaBuPCuXSNTRkafLCtV/Wh7EGDAVE0uDChWgQtiXHhrMx3LTw+MKz6UPagwYAoGlyAEC6ClsS4sNnhjn5Dg8+OTqg+lD1oMCCKBlsV2kXQMhgXNjMPJgXgroU6GgyIosGWhHkRtCTGhQ1Kq+sNDb7/KCA/NafBgCgaLI5F0DIYF840u7RiCHBxVVT1oWxDgwFRNFgQi6DlMS6cNjh119DgYNwxSUeDAVE0WASLoO3CuLDOfFF0Vc8V1YeyDQ0GRNHgbbEI2kaMC+sOnLkQ1IuiNRoMiKPB+bEI2naMC2uatqem0dDgYNytQUeDAVE0OA8WQTsk5OPC5k3RRZWR1Y2k6nPZhgYDomhwLiyCdk7Ix4Vjt+cNAS6PtKo+lJ1oMCCKBpuxCNoFYR4XPnn9hqHBgdkUraPBgCgabMAiaHeEeVzYvKXy5PUbqg9lJxoMiKLBmVgE7abQjguXR1oNDR6cuqv6UHaiwYAoGpzGImj3hXBcOJlKmS/IWl5bV30uO9FgQBQN1rEIWokQjguPLzwwBLi0ul71oWxGgwFRNFhjEbRSYRsXPjs6YWjwgTMXVB/KZjQYEEWDWQStXKjGhat6rhgafOxiTPWhbEaDAVEhbzCLoL0gVOPC5tsGd41NqT6UzWgwICrMDWYRtHeEZFx4dSNpviBrdilo78HQYEBUaBvMImhPCcm4sHlDVvAuyNJoMCAunA1mEbQHhWFcuG4obmhwwDZk6WgwICqEDWYRtGcFfly4oqnT0OCWkZuqD2U/GgyIClWDWQTtcYEfFy6trjc0eHRuUfWh7EeDAVHhaTCLoH0hwOPC04klQ4CLq6LJVADfj6HBgKiQNJhF0D4S1HHhlpGbhgZXNHWqPpQjaDAgKgwNZhG0vwR1XPhI12Dgt3PoaDAgKvANZhG0HwVyXListtnQ4IDdLimNBgOigt1gFkH7VPDGhZfX1s3bOVY3kqrP5QgaDIgKcINZBO1rARsXHpy6awhweaRV9aGcQoMBUUFtMIugAyBI48LHLsYMDT7SNaj6UE6hwYCoQDaYRdDBEKRx4TDcqiGNBgOigtdgFkEHSTDGhbP+MPj+oyD8t0VWNBgQFbAGswg6eAIwLtw1NmUIcFlts+pDOYgGA6KC1GAWQQdSAMaFzZPBVT1XVB/KQTQYEBWMBrMIOtj8Pi5sXhMd1MlgHQ0GRAWgwSyCDjxfjwuPLzwwBDioa6LTaDAgyu8NZhF0SPh3XFjjtj0AAAnHSURBVNh8z+CgrolOo8GAKF83mEXQoeLTceF9DR2GBgfynsGZaDAgyr8NZhF02PhxXHh1I2meSppdCvjuNhoMiPJpg1kEHU6+GxcO21SSjgYDovzYYH0R9LXFh2qPASX8NS4ctqkkHQ0GRPmuwfoiaO7EEFr+GhfeU9MYqqkkHQ0GRPmrwSyChuafceHpxFLYppJ0NBgQ5aMG64ug57/+RslXh3f4ZVw4hFNJOhoMiPJLg6Pjc2/23fDLO5Bwmi/GhcsjrWGbStLRYECULxrMImiYeXxc2LweqyjQ90rKRIMBUR5vcHoRNAGGgcfHhY8PDBsCvK+hQ/WhXEKDAVFebrC+CPrt2KSP5kHhJi+PC5fVNhsafHZ0QvWhXEKDAVGebTCLoCHCm+PCo3OL5jeil9fWVZ/LJTQYEOXNBuuLoKPjc05/IfidN8eFq3quhPOKaB0NBkR5sMH6ImgPvriBN3lwXNi8mqNrbEr1odxDgwFRXmswi6BhldfGhWO3582rOVY3kqrP5R4aDIjyVINZBI3CeGpc2Lwj+sCZC6oP5SoaDIjyToNZBA0ZHhkXTqZSpdX1hgb3TYTr0kIaDIjySINZBA1JHhkXHpy6a34jOgw7ojPRYECUFxrMImjYwgvjwgfbeg0NPtzRr/A8StBgQJTyBrMIGjZSOy58/9GqeSw4bG9EazQYEKe2wSyChr3UjgsfuxgzBHhPTWPY3ojWaDAgTlWDWQQNh6gaF06mUuax4OMDw+6fRDkaDIhS0mAWQcM5qsaFu8amzG9Eh2c/ZSYaDIhyv8EsgobTlIwL7422GwJ8sK3XzQN4Bw0GRLncYBZBwx0ujwtPJ5bML4IHp+66dgBPocGAKDcbzCJouMblcWHzbqyy2mZ3vrQH0WBAlGsNZhE0XObauPDy2npxVdTQ4JaRm05/Xc+iwYAodxrMImgo4c64cMvITUOAi6ui4bwaS0eDAVEuNJhF0FDFhXHhrCNJR7oGnfuK3keDAVFON5hF0FDL6XFh84vgosrIdMIrN1JUggYDohxtMIugoZyj48JZXwTvjbY78bV8hAYDopxrMIug4RHOjQtnfREc2pGkNBoMiHKowSyChqc4MS7Mi+BcaDAgyvYGswgaHuTEuDAvgnOhwYAoexvMImh4lr3jwrwIzoMGA6JsbDCLoOFxNo4L8yI4DxoMiLKrwSyChvfZNS7Mi+D8aDDwVDKVOnDmgvk/2M0PSw3O89gbbV/dSKr+ewPZ2TIuzIvg/Ggw8Jxghm1pMAGGx8mPCy+vrZtfBFc0ddp4SL+jwcAWIhmWbzABhi9Ijgubb5FUFPrFWAY0GDAyZ/jFqo9f/qAp/Xjtl5/lb/DOj3+T+fE7flpPgOFTBY8Lx27PmwN8sK3X9hP6Gg0GsjBk+KV3T+w62ZvZ2vwN3vKRpy+9/NMoAYZPFTYunEylymqbDQEuroryItiABgPZZc1wyZnPM1/UZm3w05fO750oOX2p5PSll6oIMPzNPC4cHZ/LX+XjA8PmF8HHB4adP6zP0GAgpzwZfrX2U3OA9UdxpIMAI2AM48JH4zO9s1/l+uDpxFJxxr98/VFW25xMsQ/OiAYD+VjNMAFGIBnGhfM3eG+03fwiOHZ73q3D+gkNBrYhnuHMAO+oOkGAESSZ48J5Gpx1IPhwR7+LJ/UTGgxsTyTDBBjBljkunKvBs0sr5nehS6vrl9fWXT+vP9BgaGubqWuLD1WfwuvyZ5gAI5B6Z7/6ydAf0pdfpceFo+NzZ/943/DBqxvJ8kir+UXw2dEJ1w/uGzQ47DrvJMq747bfLjSQ8mSYACOo9G8Rb8cmZ1Yea8/GhU9N3Ds1cc/wkQfbes0B3tfQoeDQ/kGDw+vW8ur+/rEfD/ze3huFBluuDOsBfvE9AowASn773dk/3i/vjh+Nz8ysPC7vjh+6esvQ4LqhuDnAxVXR2aUVRaf2BxocRg83NiuHp8u74zKbYEMre4YJMIJubTN1auJe2fmRN/tu7G6PZTY460qsospI19iUuvP6Aw0Ol+S33+n/X3Rq4h63ji+YIcM73j1BgBESa5upn4/d/UHH/0k3+P6j1dLqenOAj12MqTyoT9DgEEk8flLeHc+1WYKHtUfbtVdqjKv4iiojO352qvSTq+qPx4OHw4/q/3tb07RkKpV1GnhfQwcbOUTQ4HCZWXn8k6E/8DNgWyRTqb31/5L5fYdXwAiVXDcZ21PTyDCSIBocRpfvLenXQj/c2FR9Fh9rmVz4uwvx/U1dBBghlCvAxVXR0blF1afzDRocUslvv4uOz5V3x1smF/jBcAGi43Nv9t1IPH6ifyciwAiVPLfZbhm5qfp0fkKDQy3x+Mnbsck3eka/SDA/YMHR+Mz+/rH0jc2TqRQBRnisbiRzBZidlFbRYGhfJFYqh6dVn8Ifkt9+93Zs8tDVW+kAA6GyvLae9SKsosrIgTMXuA7LKhoMiFrbTB26euvt2CTv3iOcxhcelNVmGQcgwAWjwYCQtc3U/v6xo/EZ1QcB1Dh5/UbW+hJgGTQY2F7i8ZM3+25Ex+dUHwRQYHZpJdcPgAmwJBoMbGP+62/e6BltmVxQfRDAbclUqm4obr4dYfpxpGuQAMugwUA+MyuPy86P5LpdORBUyVSqZeTmnprGXPUtqowcHxhWfUzfo8FATl8kVsq749xcGaEyu7RSNxTPX9/S6vq+Ca6NsAENBrK7tviwvDvO5DTCYHltfXDq7vGB4fJIa570pndBs4rSLjQYyKJ39quy8yP6TcuBoKpo6ty2uIY9lCev31B96kChwYBRy+TCGz2j819/o/oggLMsBfjAmQv3H3GvF5vRYGCL9CJo1QcBHJf1vr/mx95o++DUXdWHDSYaDDxnWAQNBFuupVfpR0VTZ+z2vOpjBhkNBjSNRdAIpVwNLo+01g3FZ5e4INFxNBhgETRCKvOarH0NHVU9V7rGpkivm2gwwo5F0ABUocEINRZBA1CIBiO8WAQNQC0ajOBb20yZZ41YBA1AORqM4Kv58k7nnUTmr7AIGoAX0GAEX3l3PPN1MIugAXgEDUbA3Vpe3d8/lv5fWQQNwDtoMAIuOj53auKe/j+zCBqAp9BgBNybfTduLa9qLIIG4D00GEE2//U35d1xjUXQADyJBiPIWiYXKoenDYugE4+fXL63dPnektqzAQANRpD9eOD3ZedH3o5NfpFYaZlceDs2Wd4dLzs/cujqLRoMQDkajMB6uLG5uz2mP3488Pufj929fG+JC7IAeAcNRmDNf/3N2T/e1y/IAgAPosEAAKhBgwEAUIMGAwCgBg0GAEANGgwAgBo0GAAANWgwAABq0GAAANT4/1F7yt8vX7nxAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. Jika objek terletak di titik F, maka bayangan yang terbentuk adalah <u>maya dan tak terhingga.</u></span><br /><br /><img alt="" height="270" src="data:image/png;base64,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" 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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. Jika objek terletak di ruang I, maka bayangan yang terbentuk berada di ruang IV yang bersifat <u>maya, tegak, dan diperbesar</u>.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="236" 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jn3vOhRAEej/wAA5jMpR+1OqUkKGCT+mPAHc6H/AADmMylH7z9+KnoUX2u+t9TiWxY9CqBY9B8AwDSG18KihwBYAf0HADCBQDRR55quc00b6gGrYybI9n4wI/oPAGB0AyuPbD0eIxzjm8OEP5ga/QcAMDo5sWOofV4iyXR1v5cJf5Uglkx5g6FsNrsoh73BkDcYWpStMAmB/gMAGJGyvYth764ZavUJ9OMNhk41tmaz2bMdvacaW081tp7t6BU9KA3QfwAAwxlYeWR3Sgbsv9WtbdFDQFnRfwAAlMPwWtggx/jmi6cz59zzbO9caeg/AADKwYBHqK1ubdcMTjHhrwLRfwAA6MW/Gasd8gWiCdED2V/vkszWg5VJ2/7LXcR2uTObzdoudyqLS8qP/gMAiBRPZxwzQbtTIrBgQPQfAADau//4qXGO8c2nTPgz2jRElBn9BwCAZiLJtAHn+eUw4Q8K+g8AAG30Lsl2p2TYW2vxdIbn0VDQfwAAnJSc2FGO8TX4RnoGfB4NIeg/AABOKpJMdz/cED2K/cXTGe75QYX+AwCgRPcfPzXUAb6FmPCHfdF/AIBju3TXfbaj92xH77u3BtpGJW8wFEumRA+qrOLpTJMUMPJsv2w2Ox6KMOEP+6L/AADHZm+9qfznPv/D3nqzbVRaCUdFj053q1vbdqfkmAkaealvNpsNRBOG3XoaYtF/AIBjs13uLOy//BDs8jxIZay81MDI6zxY5IEj0X8AgGM703z9kP5TPs40X28blaz0XLj74cakbPS7m8qEv/FQRPRAYGj0HwDg2I6Mv9xH1cWr3d450eM9qdWt7TrXdMOY3+CrPZjwhyLRfwCAYyu+/5SPt6/dmVn/UvSoSxRPZ6r7vcaPqtTuXv3oLBP+UAz6DwBwPKlMxhsMKR9dngfv3xnadzlI4UfbqCR67ACyWfoPAKCJlXC0bVQ6MgTfvnZnM/5M9GCPFkmmG8b87XNrogdytNWt7SYpYPCVyDAa+g8AoCVvMJT7ZXDQjEBRvxuKNLDyyO6U2ufWjB9VTPhDaeg/AID2vMHQ29fuHJSApy84BucCose4v9TuXuPEopG3d8kZXgtX93uZ8IcS0H8AAL10e+cO2SnGUOuCU7t7Bl/bWyiezrDVH0pD/wEAdLQZf3bI42CDrAiZlKPV/V6zHJK7urVtulSF0SzKYSX4cmc5XrrrLvlq9B8AYB9to5JhE1A5xtf4GzsrlAl/ZhktKgT9BwDYn/uL1dMXHAZMwOG1sPHXeSja59aY8AcDov8AAAdalMNVF68aYS7g6ta2GW+hOWaCTPiDAdF/AIDDbDyJ2S537rsiuDwHhKR297rm1209nt4luQxvB1QC+g8AcISDEtB2ubMMW0PXDvnqR2dNsb2LYjwUqRmcMssTakAs+g8AjOugBDzJDhRFkhM7er+FhpjwBxwL/QcAhrYSju47F/CKa0Lz95qUo2bZ2yXf8Fq4fnSWCX9A8eg/ADC6kYXlfdeCjCxo1mqRZPqce76632vG1R4Ajov+AwATuHTXve8BwRtPYppcv3501jETNNfkufFQhFoFSkP/AYA57Hs6iL31ZipTic89mfAHnAT9BwDmsBl/tu9akNImAqZ299rn1upHZzUfZxmcc88z4Q84CfoPAExjZv3LwqNBTl9wLMrhY13HvxmrGZxqnFg06fG49x8/FT0EwNzoPwAwky7Pg8JbgG9fu3O8i8yvm3HmnLm2pAGMjP4DAJN5/85QYQJ2eR4c+YUm2sy5UItvme2dAa3QfwBgMpvxZ4U7Ap6+4DjkUJBIMt0w5jfpbL94OlM/OnvOPc+EP0Ar9B8AmE+3d67wFuC7twb2fXHvkmzr8XTNr5d5kFqZlKPtc2uiRwFYCv0HAKa073Yw++4IPSlHTf3kF4Dm6D8AMKWVcLRwLfCZ5uvKdoCp3b2BlUeix3gi7XNr5r1nCcuIJVPeYCibzS7KYW8w5A2Gjrvc3pjoPwAwq7ZRqfAW4KW77kk5andKTVLApKsl4ukMO/zBILzB0KnG1mzeHfezHb2iB6UB+g8AzCqVybzluK3qv3/94zv/26deU++QVz862+LT7Ghj4CToPwCA4cysf6nqv5cu/OT7g27R4zoRbvvBOOg/AIARXbrrfvn77a9d+/Sl735QzF4whtW7JIseAqBG/wEADCe1u/fX976o+njs21duqWYBih7aMbDDHwxL2/7LXcR2uTObzdoudyqLS8qP/gMAs/Jvxs7/48I59/x3B9wnPxRYlEA0Ud3vZYc/GBP9BwAwing60yQF7E5JOcZ3M/6scC+Yg7aDNppIMm3Gw4hRIeg/AIAhDKw8sjslx0wwf3uXS3fVtwBPNbYa/BYgT3thfPQfAECw1a3thjF/nWvavxlT/ZG5bgEqO/yxyQuMj/4DAIjUNb9ud0qHHIlhlluAq1vbNYNTxB9Mgf4DAIjh34zVDE41jPkjyfQhLzPLLcAmKTC8ZrgqBfZF/wEAyi2ezjTfW7I7pfFQpJjXF94CNOlegIBB0H8AgLIaD0XsTqnFt1z8Ool9bwG2jUq6jrMYyoLlw+9fAgZE/wEAyiSSTDeM+WuHfIXrPI5UeAvwTPP1VEbkSlt2+IN50X8AgHLoml+39XgOWedxuEU5XLgKZGRB2GIL/2as+OfXgNHQfwAAffk3Y7VDvoYxv5zYOcl1cr9jch9iTyw94bcDCET/AQD0Ek9nHDNBu1PSZGHs4Fyg8BbgSrisZ2zE05lANFHOdwT0QP8BAHQxKUftTqlJCmh1HkYqkznTfF3Vf5fuujW5eDGUHf6Y8AcLoP8AABpT1nnUDE6VsM7jcFdcE6r+q7p4tTyrQJRlywMrj8rwXoDe6D8AgJZy53nkH+Orlc34s8JHwN3eOc3fqFD3ww3NcxYQhf4DAGgjEE3UuaYbxvyrW9v6vcu7twZU/feW47Z+bwdYEv0HADip1O6eYyZo6/GU4fGo+4vVwluAM+tf6vFeyg5/uuYsIAT9BwA4Ec3XeRzJ3npT1X9XXBOav8vwWtjW4+ldkjW/MiAc/QcAKFEkmW6cWKwZnLr/+Gk537fL86DwLBBt32J1a9vulJjwB6talMNK8F266z7b0Xu2o/ckS+npPwCoFL1Lst0pOWaCeqzzONy+q0A0/31T/u8LMCn6DwCsb3Vru841XeeaFjgxrvAskAv9n538sqtb2zzwBY6L/gMAKyvnOo/DdXvnCh8Bn3AjQGWHP/oPOC76DwAsa1KO1gxONUmBSDIteizZWDJ1+oJDlYDuL1ZLvmD3ww0m/AGlof8AwIIiyXSTFKju907KZT1s93Dv3PhE1X/n+0ZKvpp/M2aErgVwEvQfAGhjYOWRrccjZJ3H4QbnAic/C05O7Og0PADlR/8BwEkZYZ3HIVKZTOEj4MG5QPFXUHb445kvYBn0HwCULrW71z63ZndK3Q83RI/lMO/fGVL13/t3hor82hbfMhP+AIuh/wCgRPcfP60ZnDrnnjf+fLiRhWVV/52+4CjmEbCc2DHFNwjgWOg/ADi2eDrTJAXsTslQ6zwOkcpkqi5ePckjYABWQv8BwPEMrDwSdZ7HSZzvGyl+FfB4KNI4sVjO4QEoJ/oPAIq1urXdMOavc02bcTKc+4vVwlXA+75SmdFoxu8RQJHoPwA4Wmp3r2t+3e6UuubXRY+lRPuuAp5Z/1L1sva5tTrXNBP+AGuj/wDgCP7NWM3gVMOY3+xVVLgRdNuopHpNPJ0x13NtACWg/wDgQPF0pvnekt0pjYcioseigS7PA1X/vX3tjvJH46GI2esWQPHoPwDY3/Ba2O6UWnzL8fTxjsowrJVwVNV/pxpbY8mUssNfIJoQPUAAZUL/AYBaJJluGPPXDvkstgZiPBT5g5ab+fH30nc/+LNPJpnwB1Qa+g8Astlstm1UUvZD6Zpft/V4zLvO4xDtc2u/3e1+pfXvT32nLZeA/+fff8aEP+AgsWTKGwxls9lFOewNhrzB0KIcFj0oDdB/AJBtG5WqLl797ZaP//DnnzeM+eXEjugR6eUX01+8du3Tqpuj37788eG7wADIZrPeYOhUY2s2mz3b0av8kznb0St6UBqg/wBUurZRqepS+3d+7f9feid/19FzyK7IFqDsAvPqtf43b42//tO7L3+/fd9dYAAo6D8AsKC2UenNlo/+qNfz/mezwwsrG09itsudFk7AeDrz7z7+1es/vfvSdz843dJd9dHYq46+H7kmRY8LMCj6DwCs5keuyaqf/tfqT/5p4OH/9+r3fvLa3/7izdvuCvz4n26Nm+UgY6DM6D8AsJS/6J9486PP/lpanN14/Or3fqL8l/1b3/3A/cWqJe8CTspRW4+n++HGohxWvtmX/+rvXrv26Rtdrm81/yyWTIkeIGBE2vZf7iK2y53ZbNZ2uVNZXFJ+9B+AiuPfjP1xz6+rfvpfP/t/Q4tyOBd/Fk7A7ocbth5P7ibfH7TceKXtF1U3R0//zc+VtcAjC8tiRwgYE/0HAKaX2t1zzATP/Nxd1frzRTlcGH/WS8DU7l7zvaXqfu/q1rbymd4l+Xe6P3/1J7986cLX3/ulu26hwwQMiv4DAHOblKN2p/S/O/+x6lJ7Yfy9/P323/pBh8USMJ7O1I/O1rmmlSNM7j9+Wjvkq3NNt3yuPgjOGlOaAM3RfwBgVpFk+px7vmZw6r8MTVZdvLpv/FV9NPbmrfFvNXdaJgFXt7ZrBqeapEBue+fme0u9S3I2m81NAcx9nL7gSGUscswdoCH6DwBMqXdJtjslx0zwx7+SDos/ZTGsVRLw/uOnymqPg15QdfGqKgFF/R4CjIz+AwCTWd3arnNN17mmV7e2lRM+jog/qyRg75L8O3f+cTwUOeQ1794aUPVfl+dB2UYImAX9BwCmoazzsPV4BlYeZb863q2o+DN/Arb4lqv7vYFo4vCXtY1Kqv5799ZAeUYImAj9BwDmMClHq/u9TVIgkkxnD46/3Edh/5l0RXA8nWkY89e5ppVv/HDKb7X8Dw4CBgrRfwBgdJFkukkKVPd7cxvdHRl/Rfaf8RNQTuzUDE41TizmVnscLpXJFH6PK2FOAQFeQP8BgKENrDyy9XgcM8FcABUTf8X3n5ET0L8Zs/V4uubXj/VVbzluq77BPt+CTiMETIr+AwCDyl/nkftkLv5iydS7twbOdvTmf9gudxbTf2ear6u+8J0bn2w8iRkqAZXwHV4LH/cLL91Vl65BviPAOOg/ADAcZZ2H3SmpNjrJxd9BX5i/+uGQ/jukhwySgC2+ZbtTOnK1x74G5wKq/rO33tR8hICp0X8AYCz3Hz+tGZw6555XLXcoXNmq+vAGQ8X338aT2OFXE5WAqd29c+752iFfMas99rXvtxZLprQdJ2Bq9B8AGEU8nWmSAnanlFvnUbzS+k+P7+Ik5MRO7ZDvnHu+yNUeB8l/Dq58jCwsazVIwALoPwAwhMJ1Hsdigf7zb8aUE01OfqnCXaDbRqWTXxawDPoPAARb3dpW9rfzb8ZKvojZ+294LVzaao99ffj5lKr/2AUayEf/AYAwqd29rvl1u1M67hYnhUzdf+1za7Yez0nyV8X9xaqq/5RfSwAU9B8AiOHfjNUMTjWM+Ute6JDPpP2X2t1rnFisHfLJiR0NL7sZf8YSEOAQ9B8AlFtuncd4KKLVNc3Yf5FkWlntEU9nNL/4mebrqv6bWf9S83cBTGpRDivBd+muW9kE9NJdd8lXo/8A4AjDa2G7U2rxLWsbPabrv0A0Ud3vbfHptSz3nRufqPqvy/NAp/cCKhz9BwAHkhM7DWP+msEpDSe65Zir/8ZDEVuPp3dJ1u8trrgmVP13of8z/d4OqGT0HwDsr2t+vYSjbItnov5TfhT3Hz/V9V0KTwF5y3Fb13cEKhb9BwBquXUe2i5xUDFF/6V295qkQM3glK4/CsVKOKrqv9MXHHq/KVCZ6D8A+Fo8nVHOsdVqW7tDGL//4ulMnWu6fnRWj9Ue+6q6eFWVgIccnQzAAl7iS9cAACAASURBVOg/AIKNhyJ2p9QkBcqTOwbvP2W1R/O9pbK9YzabffvaHVX/Dc4FyjkAAGVG/wEQJpJM67fO4yBG7r9JOar3ao99XbrrVvXfSXa4AGB89B8AMXLneZR2jG/JDNt/3Q83bD2eSTlahvdSv7V3TtV/79z4pPzDAFA29B+AcvNvxpT5batb2+V/dwP2X2p3r/neUnW/V8gPJJvNLsphVf+dab4uZCQAyoP+A1A+8XTGMRO09XgGVh6JGoPR+i+eztSPzpZztUehVCaj6r9Tja2b8WeixgNAb/QfgDKZlKPlXOdxEEP13+rWds3gVJMUKPND8EL21puq/uMUOMDC6D8Auosk0+fc8zWDU3pvZVwM4/Tf/cdPbT2e7ocbelz8uN69NcASYKBy0H8A9NX9cMPulBwzQeG3uBQG6b/eJdnW4xkPRTS/cmkKlwC3jUqiBwVAL/QfAL0Eook613Sda1rUsoZ9GaH/WnzL1f3eQDSh7WVPosvzQNV/5/tGRA8KgF7oPwDaS+3uCV/ncRCx/RdPZxrG/HWu6UgyrdU1NeH+YlXVf29fuyN6UAD0Qv8B0NikHK3u9zZOLBotcRQC+09O7NQMTjVOLBrkUXi+wlOA2QIGsDD6D4BmIsl048Ridb9XyCbGRRLVf/7NmK3H0zW/fvJL6aRwC5hURuRKbQD6of8AaGNg5ZGtx2OcdR4HEdJ/yg/HOKs99mW73Knqv0U5LHpQgGCxZMobDGWz2UU57A2GvMGQNf5d0H8ATmp1a9uA6zwOUv7+a/Et252SoVZ77OudG5+o+m9kYVn0oADBvMGQ8l+Asx29yr+Lsx29ogelAfoPQOmUdR52p2SQTeyKUc7+S+3unXPP1w75jDkVUuVC/2eq/uvyPBA9KEAw+g8AXjApR2sGp865500RNzll6z85sVM75DPmao99FW4Bc6H/M9GDAgSj/wDguXg60yQF7E7JyOs8DlKe/vNvxpRdr/X4FnQysrCs6r93bnwielCAYPQfAGSzees8xB7jW7Iy9N/wWtjW4xleM9kk8UU5rOo/e+tN0YMCBNO2/3IXsV3uzGaztsudyuKS8qP/ABRrdWu7fnS2zjXt34yJHkvp9O6/9rk1u1My448olckUbgEjelCAYPQfgMqV2t1TssbI29cVSb/+S+3uNU4s1g755MSO3t+FTs40X1f138YT84UsoCH6D0CF8m/GaganGsb85lrncRCd+i+STNcO+c655036WFyR++WU+xD1ywkwCPoPQMXJrfMw+MbFx6JH/wWiiep+b4vP9LvlvX9nSNV/g3MB0YMCRKL/AFSWgZVHdqfU4ls29Q2tQpr333goYuvxDKw8Ktu3oJ9Ld92q/mMLQFQ4+g9ApZATOw1j/prBKTMuYjiStv3XNb9u6/Hcf/y0nN+Cfj78fErVf1dcE6IHBYhE/wGoCErQWGCdx0G06r/U7l6TFKgZnDLvao9Cfb4FVf+d7xsRPShAJPoPgMXl1nlYKWgKadJ/8XSmzjXdMOa32MNx5Vdd/oc1troFSkb/AbCseDrTfG/J7pRMt2VxCU7ef8pqj+Z7S6K+Bf2shKOq/mMLaFQ4+g+ANY2HInan1CQFLHYr6yAn7L9JOWrr8fQuyQK/Bf3EkilV/51pvi56UIBI9B8Aq4kk0xZe53GQk/Rf98MNK6322NfpCw5VAooeESAS/QfAUnLrPFK7e6LHUlal9V9qd6/53lJ1v3d1a1v0d6Av2+VOVf9xBAgqGf0HwCL8m7HaIV/96KzlU2ZfJfTfS9/9oH50tn50thIekb997Y6q/2bWvxQ9KEAY+g+A6cXTGcdM0DKbFZfmuP33T6HwG12u5ntLFXKj9N1bA6r+G1kw/bkmQMnoPwDmNilHK2qdx0GO1X//d8/ov/vFxOmWbtGjLp8L/Z+p+q/bOyd6UIAw9B8As8qt87D2woUiFd9/375y63/udvc9XK+oNRD5Pxnlo21UEj0oQBj6D4ApdT/csDslx0ywQh5fHqnI/nvlg543bvzq3Z5fHXn+r8VwBAiQj/4DYDKBaKLONV3nmq7MdR4HKab/Xvtw8PWOoZe++8GR5/9aj/uLVVX/vXtrQPSgAGHoPwCmkdrdY53HQYrqv6ufnPpO26lDz/+1qkU5rOo/joBDJVuUw8o/gUt33Wc7es929F666y75avQfAL0o6zwaJxYjybTosRjRYf13q9jzfy1M+X7zP5RfVABOjv4DoL1IMt04sVjd752Uo6LHYlwl7P9XUf23GX9G/wE6of8AaKx3Sbb1eFjncST670iq/jt9wSF6RIBF0H8ANLO6tc06j+Kp++87bfSfiqr/Ku3bB/RD/wHQgLLOw+6Uuh9uiB6LaeT338t/9Xdv/Owf/g3996LCI4A3489EDwqAlug/wKwm5WjN4NQ59zzrPI4l13/fvHi96uboK61/z/0/lcL+23gSEz0oAFqi/wDziSTTTVLA7pRY51ECpf/ev+up+mjsWz+6yfy/Qm9fu6Pqv0U5LHpQALRE/wEmM7DySFnnUeHH+JbsVGPrBbf/9+78+psXr7P+Y1+5KUq5D1FTlADohP4DTGN1a7t+dLbONe3f5GFciVK7e69d/eRP+//pB65J1v8e5P07Q6r+G1lYFj0oAFqi/wATSO3utc+t2Z1S1/y66LGYWCSZrh3yvXbt04nldfZ/OcT5vhFV//X5FkQPCoCW6D/A6O4/flozONUw5medx0kEoonqfm+Lb5n9/4506a5b1X9dngeiBwVAS/QfYFzxdEZZ5zEeiogei7mNhyK505DpvyPl/3CUj7ZRSfSgAGiJ/gMMamDlkd0ptfiWWedxQl3z67YeT27SJP13pA8/n1L13xXXhOhBAdAS/QcYzurWdsOYv2ZwinUeJ5Ta3WuSAjWDU3JiJ/dJ+u9Ifb4FVf+d7xsRPSgAWqL/AGNRblaxzuPk4ulMnWu6YcyvuoFK/x2psP/evzMkelAAtET/AUbh34wp6zzyb1ahNLnVHoV/RP8dyRsMqfrvbEdvidcafu8bL3hvWNOhAigN/QeIF09nmu8t2Z3S8BqnLGhgUo7aejy9S/K+f0r/HUmj/lt22FTJ9/wzNge7CQKC0X+AYMNrYbtTapICrPPQRPfDDVuP5/7jpwe9gP47kib99/zGn/p+3wGfBowqlkwp598symFvMOQNhqxxHCL9BwgTSaZZ56Gh1O5e872lmsGp1a3tQ15G/x1Jg/47+E4f9wBhLso/h2zeuYilT4cwEvoPECO3ziO1uyd6LFYQT2fqR2frR2ePvI1K/x1pUQ6r+s/eevNYVyh89FvwZwQgzIH+A6AN/2asdshXPzp7+G0qFG91a7tmcKr53lIxMU3/HUn5lvM/bJc7j3WF50959228w9oQMBz6D8BJxdOZFt9y7iAKaOL+46e2Hk/3w40iX0//HUnf/jv8DwGDof8AnMikHGWdh+Z6l2Rbj2dSjhb/JfTfkbj/B+Ro23+5iyj/pmyXO5XFJeVH/wG6y63zOFam4EgtvuXqfm8gmjjWV9F/Rzp5/zH/D5ZB/wEoRdf8ut0pOWaCrPPQUDydaRjz17mmS7iZSv8d6eT9x/pfWAb9B+B4AtFEnWu6zjXNOg9tyYmdmsGpJilQWlLTf0fSoP/Y/w9WQf8BKFZqd88xE2Sdhx78m7ETno9M/x0plcmo+u/0BcfxL8P5H7AC+g9AUZR1Ho0Ti5FkWvRYrGZg5ZGtxzMeipzkIvRfMVT9V/pPgPN/YXL0H4AjRJLpc+756n4v6zz0UNpqj0L0XzE06z/A5Og/AIdRNiJhnYceUrt759zztUM+TW6p0n/FoP8ABf0HVAr3F6tto9LZjl7l44prYnAukMocuM50dWtbWedx8ltTFaXIn7Oc2Kkd8jVOLGoV1vRfMeg/QEH/GYMye5jJw9DHzPqX9tabhb/5TjW2Vl282udbUL0+t86j+MMnkD3Oz9m/GbM7pfa5NQ3fnf4rBv0HKOi/Al8t7fpGOU/yof+gmyuuiX2LJP/j3VsDuRtUk3K0ut97zj3POo9jKf7nPLwWtvV4htfC2g6A/isG/Qco6L8XKUu68hZyDb9Xliqj/6CPwih5+S8/+LdXbrz8lx8UpkkkmW6SAnanxDqP4yr+5/y/3hqxOyU9HqnTf8Wg/wAF/ZdPqTARy/iF9d/we3Sndc2sf5n/e+7VH/7sjU5XLgXe6HS9euVW7k+/ffmj373za8dMkGN8j6vYn/N32l67+skbP/uHzn/y6zEM+q8Y9B+goP/yFdz9Kxv6D1pLZTK2y525X3Knf/zzN2+7X/nbX/zWDzpONba+/P320z/++Zu3xl+79unLTdde7xh6vWOo6q9vbMafiR64yRT7c/5w8I2f/cNr1z499Z22qotX9fg503/FoP8ABf2X76g93Pfpw4JP5ZXc1/uDfnXFvLmFL77J11+VP/3wxRIt5t2P9Xr1/qV5Yzp8EmRp3+ORl4WmRhaW8+9IvXnb/Vs/6Hjpux+cbr3z+vW7rzr6Xv7etZe//+GbH49X3Ro//Tc/V155xTUheuAmU8zP+beau968/fnr7YO5V+rxc6b/ikH/AQr670W5nNm3TY7Rf++9Z/vqs1+95OuphIV3+55/xmb7+rPKl+W9SPP+y31G9c0uO2wFJfjCZUr+Hg+/LDR16e7Xv+zfuPGrV/72Fy9d+MkbN36VVwOfv3HjV6//bPjNW+Pf/Gqa2kn+/Vemo3/Otz6v+njs1Z/8Uu+fM/1XDPoPUBT23/t3ho57kfz/4Ji8/7LZF26LqfKk+P57IXwKzwUviKN9c0h17bL1337XeeElpX2PR14Wmnr72p3nTyS/d/XN2+6Xv9/+ygc9qhp4o3Pk1Hfa3rw1XvXXXcqLqy5eFT1wkynq5/yz4TL8nAv775AP+o/+Q4Ur7L+RhWP/RrZY/ylyFfjiYuBi7//ld03hlx3Qf+oaejGRjNZ/x/0ej7wsNJWblPbaj24oN37e+Nk/qG8I3RpXPn/6xz/n12FpjPNzpv+KQf8BClX/VV28eshxAAexZP9ls9mCZ7BC+k81Xa9M/aeeG6hR/x162aJ9A0X4V3/xn5//g/xO25u33S9d+Mm/br/7VY58dV/qxq9ONbZWfTT2Wxfbc/96RQ/cZAp/zq9d+/TN2+43u/Pu/5Xl53yqsfU3Tn3rN//wT4rpv3/xp//+v/nN/56/bqBi/capbyn/Bfjnf/z2v/wP/+mf/f4fl3CR/7bqd//lf/hP+R//w5/9+Te+8Y3/8T/+1W+c+pbGIy7CxYsXNTv/44WuqYz7f18t0nihO0/ef0dftmi6/3+QJfyLP/33uV/2VR+NvfZ3/VUfj6vuS53+8c9f/n77m7fdp/7Lj5VX/qu/+M+iB24yqp/zt39089tXPhbyc1b6r/A/x/t+/LPf/2P6D6hkuf7TA/13wGuK7D/VdoRl6r/9tsDWoP+KuGzRyvD/Qxbw3/3OHymp8c2L16s++qzq1uff/P6H3/phl7I0oeqjMeVZ5OvX77527dP820KiB24yuZ/zKWXzl48+q7o5+qqjr/w/Z6X/in89/QdUMqX/ch+/+Yd/UsJFDnngYPb+ezHBCvaHVt/TymrZf+p3K+bdDx77Aa8/oP8KlnZo03+HXxaa2ow/e6Xp6qs/+WXVzdFvX/7o9Z8OvdHpUjalUz5e/t611z4cqPpo7JXvXc19clHW+FAyy9uMPzt9wfG8/1q6lVXVQn7OxTz2rfDZb8qUx8K5SgAso+T9n/eJmoO2YFl22L7x3nta3v/L/9xR19n/3dXfzpGvL1x4/OJncgM7Ymrfkd9jEZeFpobXwr9359ev/uSXL333g1ONrd/8yw9e+dtfKHekXr9+V7k79dqHA6fzouR834joUZtS26h06jttrzr63uhyfev71/k5Gxb9B1heyff/XtyhuDBP1Lsba/r8973hFxZIFLbRke9eyuu/ftE+G0O/sMnzi/dBj73+46jLQiNyYqdhzF8zOOXfjOV2J1E+vv29v3v1r2+cbr3z6pVbr11qz/+jM83XY8mU6LGbUjyd+b2PRl7/6V0ltfk5Gxb9B1ieZvP/AHPpml+39Xi65tdTu3vZbDaWTL3luH3kQ8Azzdd58lua1a3tmsGp5ntLogeCo62Eo/QfYG30HyqOfzNWO+SrH51d3drO/3wqk7nimjgk/s73jXBHqjT3Hz+19Xi6H26IHgiKomx4lv/BgTeAxdB/qCDxdKbFt2zr8QysPDroNSvh6Pm+kfx7gbbLne/eGhC1RacF9C7Jth7PpBwVPRAUi/4DLI/+Q6UYD0XsTqlJCsTTx966HSVr8S1X93tVt1phcPQfYHn0H6wvkkwr6zy4BVVO8XSmYcxf55omuE2H/gMsj/6DxXXNr9udkmMmqKzzOJh6EfiRL2NTxkPIiZ2awakmKXDoj121jYAKC96FGZwLqPrv3VsDogcFQEv0HyzLvxmrc03XuaaLe/iY3yIHp12RlVjZ/Jux4lZ7fPXT5EdpMH2+hcLFT6IHBUBL9B8sKJ7OOGaCh6/zKPDCvaiDgqS4SKxoAyuPbD2e8VCkiNfSfwbV5Xmg6r9Ld92iBwVAS/QfrGZSjtqdUuPEYiSZPs7XPW8Rm812cJE8P+nmsJdUNmW1RyCaKO7l9J9BtY1Kqv5rG5VEDwqAlug/WEckmT7nnq/u95a0zuOrk/ccBx8X/fz0luevIFrypXb3zrnn61zTx8lu+s+gCjfC/PDzKdGDAqAl+g8W0f1ww9bjKWKdx0FyJy8vHxSAXx3et0z/qciJndohX+PE4jF/+PSfQZ3vG1H1X59vQfSgAGiJ/oPprW5tK+s8in7suK9c/2UPCMDh956XCv33Av9mzO6U2ufWjv+l9J9BFfbf4FxA9KAAaIn+g4mldveUdR5aHCz2df/tH4C5/KP/8gyvhW09nuG10s5EPnj/F364Qp3t6FX1H+ffABZD/8GsJuVodb/3nHv+mOs8DpLXf1896s0LQOVPlSqh/55rn1uzO6UT3Hbl/p9B0X+A5dF/MJ9IMt04sWh3Spqe5/FC/30VgF+FSX7+0X/ZbGp3r3FisXbId7L4pv8Myt56U9V/G09iogcFQEv0H0xG2V7OMRPU+lSxF/vvxQBU/uyrP6r0/osk07VDvnPu+VKX2uTQfwZlu9xJ/wHWRv/BNHLrPPybevwqUvVffgC+mH+V3X+BaKK63+uYCWpxMfrPoKouXlX1n+gRAdAY/QcTyK3z6Jpf1+1N1P33dQA63ttvLmAlRst4KHKC1R6F6D+DUsUf/QdYD/0Ho7v/+GnN4FTDmF+jdR4HKei/F1enFn6+0qKla37d1uPR9OYr/WdEsWRKFX+2y52iBwVAY/QfjCuezjRJAbtTKu4w2RMq7L/8ANzn05UTLandvSYpUDvkkxM7ml6Y/jOijScx+g+wPPoPBqWs82jxLWu9zuMg+/TfAX1SWf0XT2fqXNPn3PM6/EXQf0a0Eo6q+u/ta3dEDwqAxug/GM7q1nb96GzN4JQ+6zwOsl//HfrKSogWZbVHi0+n75T+MyJvMKTqv7MdvaIHBUBj9B8MJLW7p0wy03OdB4o1KUftTql3SRY9EJRVn29B1X/n+0ZEDwqAxug/GIV/M6as89B6khlK0f1ww9bjuf/4qeiBoNw+/HxK1X9XXBOiBwVAY/QfxMut8xhYeSR6LMimdvea7y3VDE4R4pXpimtC1X9dngeiBwVAY/QfBBtYeWR3Sk1SoFzrPHCYeDpTPzpbPzrLX0fFOt83ouq/wbmA6EEB0Bj9B2HkxE7DmL/s6zxwoNWt7ZrBqeZ7S6IHApHOdvSq+s8bDIkeFACN0X8QI7fO48RnyEIb9x8/tfV4WO0Be+tNDv8FLI/+Q7kp6zzqR2dXt7ZFjwXP9S7Jth7PpBwVPRCIV3j4byyZEj0oABqj/1A+8XSmxbds6/GwzsNQWnzL1f1echzZbDaVyaji7/QFh+hBAdAe/YcyGQ9FWOdhNPF0pmHMz2oP5HD4G1Ah6D/oLpJMK+s8eLxoKHJip2ZwqkkKMAUTORz+AVQI+g/6UtZ5OGaCRIah+Ddjth5P98MN0QOBsQzOBVT99/6dIdGDAqA9+g968W/G6lzTda5pJpYZjbLn4ngoInogMJwuzwNV/1266xY9KADao/+gvXg645gJss7DmJTVHoFoQvRAYESFh3+0jUqiBwVAe/QfNDYpR+1OqXFiMZJMix4LXpDa3Tvnnq9zTfNXg4MUHv7R51sQPSgA2qP/oBllnUd1v5d1HgYkJ3Zqh3yNE4tMxMQhCg//cH+xKnpQALRH/0Eb3Q83WOdhWP7NmN0pdc2vix4IjK7w8I9FOSx6UAC0R//hpALRhLLOgyllxjS8Frb1eIbX+C2Oo6nij8M/AKui/1C61O6ess6DbUQMq31uze6USHMUo3Dz5zPN10UPCoAu6D+UaFKOVvd7G8b8LCYwptTuXuPEYu2Qj78gFMn9xaqq/96+dkf0oADogv7DsUWS6caJRbtTYp2HYUWS6doh3zn3PNMxUbxu7xybPwMVgv7D8fQuyco6D06MNaxANFHd73XMBEUPBCZz6a6bzf+ACkH/oVirW9vKOg//Zkz0WHCg8VCE1R4ozbu3Btj8D6gQ9B+OllvnwQYiBtc1v253SgQ6SvOW47aq/2bWvxQ9KAC6oP9whEk5WjM4xToPg0vt7jVJgdohn5zYET0WmNXpCw5V/23Gn4keFABd0H84UCSZbpICdqc0HoqIHgsOE09n6lzT59zzTMpEyTbjz1TxV3XxquhBAdAL/Yf9Daw8svV4mu8tkRQGp6z2aPEtix4IzM0bDKn67y3HbdGDAqAX+g9qq1vb9aOzNYNTTCMzvkk5andKAyuPRA8EptfnW1D137u3BkQPCoBe6D98LbW71z63xjoPs1DOXL7/+KnogcAKrrgmVP13xTUhelAA9EL/4Tn/ZkxZ58ECAuNL7e4131uqGZziLwtaef/OkKr/ur1zogcFQC/0H7LxdEZZ58FjRFOIpzP1o7MNY36mZkJDhZu/uL9YFT0oAHqh/yrdwMoju1NqkgLEhCmsbm3XDE4131sSPRBYTdXFq6r+23jCDGDAsui/yrW6td0w5medh4ncf/zU1uPpXZJFDwRWsxKOquLv9AWH6EEB0BH9V6G65tdtPZ72ubXU7p7osaAoysnLrPaAHkYWllX99/a1O6IHBUBH9F/FUdZ51I/Orm5tix4LitXiW67u9/JXBp0ULv690P+Z6EEB0BH9V0Hi6UzzvSVbj4d1HiYST2caxvz1o7NM0IR+3rnxCYt/gYpC/1WK4bUw6zxMR07sKKs9eEwPXZ1pvq7qv5n1L0UPCoCO6D/rGF4L71sJkWRaWecxKUfLPyqUzL8Zs/V4uh9uiB4ILK7w5N9Tja2xZEr0uADoiP6zCDmxU93vLew/ZZ2HYybIDSRzUfblGQ9FRA8E1uf+YlUVf/bWm6IHBUBf9J9FnHPPq24U+TdjtUO+Otc0iwZMR1ntEYgmRA8EFeHDz6c4+ReoNPSfFQSiCbtTyt3hi6czjpkgG8WZUWp375x7vs41zTRNlE3hyW8ffj4lelAA9EX/WUH+zb9JOWp3So0Ti5FkWuyocFxyYqd2yNc4scjDepSTvfWmqv9GFpZFDwqAvug/0/NvxpSbf8o6j+p+L+s8zEj5e+yaXxc9EFSWVCZTuPhjM/5M9LgA6Iv+M73aId/AyiPWeZja8FrY1uNhtQfKb2b9S1X8VV28KnpQAHRH/5nbeChi6/HUuabrXNMsFzCp9rk1u1Pirw9CdHvnVP33zo1PRA8KgO7oP3OrHfK9edttd0rtc2u5D8dMsH509px7nnuBBpfa3WucWKwd8jFZE6Jc6P9M1X+X7rpFDwqA7ug/E4sk0/nZl/voXZLvP37q34yJHiAOE0mmWe0B4d5y3Fb1X59vQfSgAOiO/gMECEQT1f1ex0xQ9EBQ0WLJVOHij5UwC8gA66P/gHJTZm0Or4VFDwSVrvDkDxZ/ABWC/gPKqmt+3e6UeDoPI2gblTj5A6hM9B9QJqndvSYpUDvkkxM7oscCZLPZ7NmOXlX/dXkeiB4UgHKg/4ByiKczda5pFmXDUKouXlX1nzcYEj0oAOVA/wG6U1Z7tPg4UwsGsiiHVfF3+oIjleHgaaAi0H+AvpQTmQdWHokeCPCCLs8DVf+d7egVPSgAZUL/ATrqfrhh6/Gw2gMGdL5vhJ2fgYpF/wG6SO3uNd9bqhmcYrUHjMl2uVPVfyMLTFEAKgX9B2gvns7Uj842jPnjaWZTwYg2488Kd36OJVOixwWgTOg/QGOrW9s1g1Os9oCRjSwsq+LP3npT9KAAlA/9B2jp/uOnth5P75IseiDAYS7ddav673zfiOhBASgf+g/QTO+SbOvx3H/8VPRAgCO85bit6r8+34LoQQEoH/oP0EaLb7lmcGp1a1v0QIAj7Dv5b+MJq9SBCkL/AScVT2caxvz1o7Os9oAp9PkWVPFnu9wpelAAyor+A05ETuzUDE4131viYDeYReHOfxf6PxM9KABlRf8BpfNvxmw9nu6HG6IHAhxD4bG/7PwHVBr6DyjRwMoju1OalKOiBwIcw8z6lxz7C4D+A0rR4luu7vcGognRAwGOp21U4thfAPQfcDyp3b1z7vk61zSrPWBGb1+7o+q/Ls8D0YMCUG70H3AMcmKndsjXJAVY7QEziiVThTu/rISZwwBUHPoP2Me+eeffjNmdUtf8evnHA2iCnV8AKOg/QE25yaf65PBa2NbjGQ9FhAwJ0AQ7vwBQ0H+AWvvcWotvWfUZVnvAAs40X2fnFwBZ+g8oVN3v9W8+PwsrtbvXOLFYO+SLJNNiRwWc0KIcZucXAAr6D3iBfzNWMzil/N+RZLp2yNc4schqD1gAO78AyKH/gBc031tqpKHI/QAABP5JREFUn1vLZrOBaKK636v834AF2FtvsvMLAAX9B3wttbtnd0pyYmc8FLH1eIbXwqJHBGij8NiPU42tG09ioscFQAz6D/jaeChS55ruml+3O6XcFEDAAq64JlTx9/a1O6IHBUAY+g/4WuPEoq3HUzvkW93avv/4ae+S7JgJ1o/O2no89aOzokcHlM52uVPVf93eOdGDAiAM/Qc8F09nfufOP7552213Sm/edtePzjZJgfa5tfuPn8qJHdGjA0rnDYYKH/5uxp+JHhcAYeg/4LnVrW1qD5Z0of8zVv4CyEf/AYDFFW773OdbED0oACLRfwBgZe4vVgu3fY4lU6LHBUAk+g8ArKzwzN93bnwielAABKP/AMCyUplM1cWrqv4bnAuIHhcAweg/ALCskYVlzvwFUIj+AwDLevfWgKr/3r8zJHpQAMSj/wDAmjaexAq3/ePhL4As/QcAVnXprlsVf2ear/PwF0CW/gMAS0plMoXb/l1xTYgeFwBDoP8AwIL6fAuc+QbgIPQfAFjQW47bqvh799aA6EEBMAr6DwCsZlEOF978G1lYFj0uAEZB/wGA1RSe+WG73Cl6UAAMhP4DAEvZjD87fcGh6r8uzwPR4wJgIPQfAFhKl+dB4ZkfrPwAkI/+AwDr2Hfbl/N9I6LHBcBY6D8AsI7Cm3+nGlsX5bDocQEwFvoPACxi35t/bzluix4XAMOh/wDAIva9+ce2LwAK0X8AYAXc/ANQPPoPAKyAm38Aikf/AYDpcfMPwLHQfwBgetz8A3As9B8AmBs3/wAcF/0HAObGzT8Ax0X/AYCJbcafFd78O9vRK3pcAAyN/gMAEzvfN8KBHwCOi/4DALNyf7FaGH/v3hoQPS4ARkf/AYAppTIZ2+VOVfydvuDg5h+AI9F/AGBKV1wThTf/rrgmRI8LgAnQfwBgPoty+PQFhyr+bJc7U5mM6KEBMAH6DwDM5y3H7cKbf+4vVkWPC4A50H8AYDL7bvj3/p0h0eMCYBr0HwCYyUo4Wvjkt+ri1c34M9FDA2Aa9B8AmEYsmbK33iy8+dftnRM9NABmQv8BgGm8e2ugMP7evnZH9LgAmAz9BwDm0DYqFcbf6QuOlXBU9NAAmAz9BwAmsO9RH6caW/t8C6KHBsB86D8AMLqNJ7Gqi1cL4+/SXbfooQEwJfoPAAwtlcnsu9vf29fusNszgNLQfwBgXKlM5p0bnxTG35nm62z4AqBk9B8AGNRB8Xf6gsMbDIkeHQATo/8AwIgOir9Tja1dngeiRwfA3Og/ADCcWDJ1UPxxzhuAk6P/AMBYNuPP9l3wcaqx9Z0bn7DmA8DJ0X8AYCAz61/aLncSfwB0Rf8BgFF8+PnUvuVH/AHQFv0HAOKthKMHTfgj/gBojv4DAJFSmUzbqHT6guOg+DvfN0L8AdAW/QcAYqQymS7PgzPN1w8qv1ONrVdcE6KHCcCC6D8AKLeVcLRtVDq8/KouXh2cC4geKQBrov8AoBw2489GFpavuCbsrTcPyb7c2b4c7wZAP/QfAOjobEfvkbWnOtvtw8+nRI8agMXRfwCgo2PF3zs3Ptl4EhM9ZADWR/8BgI6qLl4tpvzectweWVgWPVgAlYL+AwAdHXSYR+7jbEev+4tV0cMEUFnoPwDQ0UH9Z2+92TYqrYSjogcIoBLRfwCgo/z1H29fu3Oh/7M+3wLZB0As+g8AAKCy/P/UX87KnmdqOgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" 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<b><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">3.Cermin Cembung</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Cermin cembung adalah cermin lengkung yang permukaan bidang pantulnya berbentuk cembung. Cermin cembung disebut juga cermin konveks atau cermin negatif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sifat – sifat bayangan yang dibentuk oleh cermin cembung :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> a)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Maya</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> b)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sama tegak</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"> c)<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Diperkecil</span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Bagian- Bagian Cermin Cembung</span></u><br /><br /><img alt="" height="183" src="data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAmMAAAEYCAIAAACfp2a1AAATtElEQVR4nO3dT4j0aF7A8Rfm0uCljn1YmQf1EBd0oiwSXkGiKNbBkaADNntY44BDIR5yWoqlh8CuWCiymRVnC1wh4uIWuywEZ+GtcVYNwjalMwwZL4ZlDoGVl8wiQw59iAclHqrfvN39VlWn/iRP8jzfD3UY3u533l/zdNe3qyr1PI8qAACw3SPZA0AjZVmapvn222/LHgQA9kAp0ZHVamWa5ptvvum6rhAiDEPZEwFAI5QSrSvLcjqdWpaVpun6T7Iso5cAhoJSoi2XV+nr7yVfePLBL/55+Ot/8w+vv5fcu33+ndXjv1x89svz3/7W91/8aH27vEplfykAtEYp0Zan1+V33/+PV1597W//5er9T4ptt3c+Sn/zD//4lVdf++p3v7fxE9JPr2V/KQC0RinRljiOLcvKsqzJJydJ4jiOaZpRFLU8FwDsh1KiFYvFYjweF0Wx19+ilwB6iFLi9JbLpeM4ZVke9tfXvbRtO47jk84FAIeglDixIzNZi+PYtm16CUA6SolTOlUma/QSgHSUEiezWq1s2z5hJmt1L5MkOfn/HAB2o5Q4jSzLLMvK87y9fyKOY9M0HcehlwC6RClxAmVZWpbVTcCiKKKXALpEKXECjuN0/L4OegmgM5QSx5pOp7PZTMo/ve6l67oN9zcAgANQShwliiLHceTOEIahEIJeAmgJpcTh8jw3TbPVq3iao5cAWkIpcbgevs1x3cvJZNKTfgNQAKXEgWaz2XQ6lT3FZvP5XAjheR69BHA8SolDJEnyC1/6C/fdD3ecK9nw1tLxk2VZBkFALwEcj1LiEKZpfv/fP9xx6mTzW6vHT9JLAMejlNhbEASe58meYg/rXhqG4fv+vgeBAQClxH7yPBdCtLG5a9uKovB9XwhBLwHshVJiP91vx3Na9BLAvigl9tCHfQZOou7lbDYb4uNjAF2ilGiqLEvDMFR6X39RFNPpVAgRBAG9BLANpURTg7uQp6E8zz3Po5cAtqGUaKRXG9e1gV4C2IZSohHP84IgkD1F69a9NAwjDEPZswDoC0qJh2VZZhiGPo+0sixzXVcIQS8BVJQSTQz9nSGHoZcA1iglHpAkiWmasqeQpu6lhr8rAFijlHjAZDKZz+eyp5AsyzLHcUzTpJeAhigldhnu3nVtSJKEXgIaopTYRZNLXvdS93K5XMqeBUAXKCW2qh9QXl6lx59D2d5RlFIkSTIej23bjuNY9iwA2kUpsVX9gPLpddn/oyiliOPYtm16CaiNUmKzsizPz885baMJegmojVJiM1V3eW3Pupfj8ThJEtmzADglSonNDMNIU3VeVuzMcrk0TdNxHHoJKINSYgNlzqGUJYoiegkog1JiAz23rzu5upc8OgcGjVLiPs23rzu5KIoMw3BdV6VDsAGtUErcx24DbQjDUAhBL4EhopS4oyxLIYTCJzbLRS+BIaKUuINreTqw7qXnefxGAgwCpcQdXMvTmSAI6CUwCJQSz3FySMfKsqSXQP9RSjzHvjxS3O4l2wcCPUQp8ZxlWavVSvYUmqp76fs+vQR6hVLiRpZlQgjZU+iuKArf9+kl0CuUEjfqp145jVI6egn0CqXEjfrQKE6j7Im6l0EQcJkVIBGlRFVVVVEUo9FI9hTYoCgKz/PoJSARpURVVVUYhq7ryp4CW+V5Ti8BWSglqooNBwbidi9lzwJohFKiKstyNBrxSGUo6l6GYSh7FkALlBLs9TpIWZa5rksvgQ5QSlSu63JvO1D0EugApUQ1Go14096grXtpGAYvNgNtoJS6i+PYtm3ZU+AE0jR1HMc0TXoJnBal1J3neVxIqZIkSeglcFqUUndCiCzLZE+BE6t7uVwuZc8CDB6l1FqSJKZpyp4CbUmSZDwe1/sUAjgMpdSa7/u+78ueAu1avxRNL4GDUUqtce+pD3oJHIxSau3s7IytebSy7qXjOEmSyJ4FGAxKqa8/+t7Vz//pNziHUkNRFJmmSS+Bhiilvr7ytbd//80/4RxKbdFLoCFKqS/OD0F1q5e8WQjYhlLq6/z8PM9z2VOgF6IoEkK4rksvgRdRSk1lWSaEkD0F+iUMQ3oJvIhSaioMQ9d1ZU+BPqKXwD2UUlOctIXdwjA0DMPzPJ6iByilpkzT5IpH7FaWZRAEQgh6Cc1RSh0VRTEajWRPgWGglwCl1FEURY7jyJ4CQ1L3cjqdcu43dEMpdcSZlDhMWZaz2UwI4fs+vYQ+KKWO2CYbxyiKwvd9egl9UErtlGU5Go3YGB1HopfQB6XUzmq1sixL9hRQxLqXhmEEQcCvX1AVpdTOfD6fTCayp4BS8jz3PE8IQS+hJEqpHS7nQUvoJVRFKbUzHo+Xy2VVVZdX6fGHU3I+Je6pezmfz2XPApwGpdROfYTI0+vy+MMpOZ8SG+V5PplMhBBsmggFUEq9sDsPupRlmeu69BJDRyn1woWv6B69xNBRSr1w4StkWffSNM0oimTPAuyHUuqFC18hV5IkjuPQSwwLpdRLfeErIBG9xLBQSr3UF74C0tW9ZBdi9Byl1AgXvqKHkiSxbZtd+9FnlFIjXPiK3orjmF6ityilRrjwFT1HL9FPlFIjXPiKQVj30nGcJElkzwJUFaXUChe+YkCiKDJNk16iDyilRrjwFYNDL9EHlFIXXPiK4ap7mWWZ7FmgI0qpiyRJTNOUPQVwuCiKhBCu69JLdIxS6iKKIsdxqqr6n//9v23nZ337h0+//lG28cbhlOiJMAzpJTpGKbXw+nvJz/1dvL597u//dVv2vvJvP9xWym1xfXrN0faQoO4lL72jA5RSF9PpdDabyZ4COKV1Lz3Po5doFaXUheu6nA4I9ZRlGQQBvUSrKKUu2PcECqOXaBWl1IUQgisgoLa6l77vF0Uhexyog1Lq4uzsrCy5+gbqK8vS9316iROilFpg2wHopigKeolToZRaYNsB6Ol2L3lOBQejlFpYLpfj8Vj2FIAcdS+DIKCXOACl1AInUwJ5nnueRy9xAEqpBd/3fd+XPQUgH73EASilFth2ALit7iU/F2iCUmqBbQeAF+V57rouvcSDKKUWKCWwTZZl9BK7UUotsEEPsFvdy8ViIXsW9A6lVN/lVfrZL88//85q22FbDW8cRQnlZVl2cXFhmmYURbJnQY9QSvU9vS5/4mfNbQdMNr+ln17L/lKALiRJ4jgOvUSNUqqvLMuzszPZUwADQy9Ro5Tqy7JMCCF7CmCQ1r20LItr4nRGKdWXpqlhGLKnAAZstVrZts015NqilOqL49i2bdlTAIO3/lGilxqilOpje3TghOperlYr2bOgI5RSfWEYuq4rewpAKXEcW5blOE6SJLJnQesopfqCIPA8T/YUgIKiKDJNk14qj1Kqj4NEgFbRS+VRSvV5nhcEgewpAMWte3lxccHOkeqhlOrjyC2gM4vFQgjhui69VAmlVB+lBDoWhiG9VAmlVB+lBKSoe5nnuexZcBRKqb7xeLxcLmVPAWhq3UvP8+jlcFFK9bGlCCBXWZZBENDL4aKU6vvcm8HvfCc+8nBKzqccHN/3eZGsVw7rJevYB5RSfb/yW85fvxtzPqVueC6hn9a9NAzD9/2iKB78fNaxDyil+vhJ0xPr3mdFUfi+L4R4sJesYx9QSvXxk6Yn1r3/mvSSdewDSqk+IQSvc2iIe9ihqHs5m83Ksrz3UdaxDyil+iilnriHHZaiKKbTqRAiCILbvWQd+4BSqo9S6ol1H6I8zz3Pu91L1rEPKKX6+EnTE+s+XLd7+fLLL7OO0j2qqsp1XRvqOjs7syxL9hToGus+dI8fP/7MZz7z0ksvsY4Sua57U8osy2Ko6/z8fLFYyJ4CXWPd1cA6yrU+c5RnX9XHs3B6Yt3VwDr2AaVUHz9pemLd1cA69gGlVB8/aXpi3dXAOvYBpVQfP2l6Yt3VwDr2AaVUn2ma6xeloRXuYdXAOvYBpVSfzR4fWuIeVg2sYx9QSvVxPqWeTNNscqgTeo517ANKqT7OpwSAY1BK9fHsKwAcg1Kqz3XdMAxlTwEAQ0Up1UcpAeAYlFJ9lBIAjkEp1UcpAeAYlFJ9k8lkPp/LngIAhopSqs/3fd/3ZU8BAENFKQ/35I1H9zx+62PZQ20QBIHnebKnQAc+fuvx/e/JW954Ins+NHNrHXfdpzz/tH7e86iEUh7iWSPv3vVs/lP5wjBcH9sN1T276+SOc9hu/8azfS0b9hSnQCn3dhPEzT28+WCvvnGjKHIcR/YU6AClVMOd5wa2LWaznOI0KOV+nn13bn/cePMZPfrWjePYtm3ZU6ADlFINz+5EHu+4L1n/Ur7zU3A6lHIvTR4yPhzTjqVpahiG7CnQAUqphpt1fOOt7fcl67uiZ5/BgreNUu6j2XOrfbu7yrJMCCF7CnSgb996OMyzUj7Z+mv3TSif9O8pLEVRyj00vWSnf5f2PHrEQuuAUqqhLuW2Z6ievHGzypSyI9yB7qHp5To9u7+6vEp/6ksB51NqYPu7RHryvYhGnpdycyrrUFLKrlDK5hoHsGelfHpd/vSvjt/5KOV8StX17DsPB7pVyg0X268/ul5jStkRSrmHgT6mrKrKMIw05RGh8vr3nYdD3Cnl/fud26GklF2hlHsY7uuUHOasB0qphrulvJvK9ceefYhSdoRS7mOY175WVTUej5fLpewp0LYefuvhAPdKefuO524oKWVXKOVeBvl+yoqDt3RBKdVwv5TP73jeemPTa5YseOso5X6GuEdPxXEiuqCUanihlHevan7xz1nwtlHKvQ1u39eqqubz+WQykT0F2kYp1fBiKW+ncsMfs+Bto5SHGNZZIlVVLZfL8Xgsewq0jVKqYUMpt6wtpewIpTzcUM6nrNj6VReUUg2bSrnzM1nwtlFKLRRFMRqNZE8BAINEKXUxGo2KopA9BQAMD6XUhWmaSZLIngIAhodS6oLNBwDgMJRSF5PJZD6fy54CAIaHUupiNptNp1PZUwDA8FBKXSwWi4uLC9lTAMDwUEpdxHFs27bsKQBgeCilLrIsE0LIngIAhodSauHyKn39veRnLr/mvvvh6+8lJ7xdXnFANADFUUotPL0u3/+keOXV1771gw/e/6Q44S399Fr2FwcA7aKUGrm4uFgsFrKnAICBoZQamU6ns9lM9hQAMDCUUiO8UQQADkApNZIkiWmasqcAgIGhlBopy/Ls7Ez2FAAwMJRSL0KILMtkTwEAQ0Ip9cKJIgCwL0qpF8/zgiCQPQUADAml1Mt8Pp9MJrKnAIAhoZR6Wa1WlmXJngIAhoRS6qUoitFoJHsKABgSSqmd8/PzPM+rZ9ums0k6AOxGKbXjOE4URdWzbdPZJB0AdqOU2pnNZtPpVPYUADAYlFI7cRzbti17CgAYDEqpHS7qAYC9UEodGYaRplyGAwCNUEodua4bhqHsKQBgGCiljoIg8DxP9hQAMAyUUkfs1AMAzVFKHZVlORqNyrKUPQgADACl1JRpmkmSyJ4CAAaAUmqK47cAoCFKqakwDF3XlT0FAAwApdRUlmVCCNlTAMAAUEp9sf8AADRBKfXFS5UA0ASl1NcXFv/4S1/9JudTAsBulFJf6dMf/+Qv/9oPfvRjzqcEgB0opdZs247jWPYUANBrlFJrvu/7vi97CgDoNUqpNU51BoAHUUrdjUajoihkTwEA/UUpdec4ThRFsqcAgP6ilLrjrEoA2I1S6i5NU8MwZE8BAP1FKcG2dgCwC6UE7xUBgF0oJXgCFgB2oZSoKp6ABYDtKCWqiidgAWA7SomqqqrVamVZluwpAKCPKCVuCCGyLJM9BQD0DqXEjel0OpvNqqq6vEqPP7SScysBKINS4kb9BOzT6/LIEys5txKASiglnuMJWAB4EaXEc/UTsACAGqXEc0mSmKYpewoA6BdKiTssy1qtVrKnAIAeoZS4IwxD13VlTwEAPUIpcUdZlufn50VRyB4EAPqCUuI+z/OCIJA9BQD0BaXEfVzXAwC3UUpswHU9AFCjlNiA63oAoEYpsQHX9QBAjVJis8lkMp/PZU8BAPJRSmzGdT0AsEYpsZXjOFEUyZ4CACSjlNhq/bDyn3/031//KNt9+7MPPm5yYuX7n/DCJ4DhoZTYxXGcL377yYOl/OZ//leTEytlfzUAcAhKiV14tRIAKCUewKuVADRHKfEAHlYC0BylxMNs247jWPYUACAHpcTDoihyHEf2FAAgB6VEI+yZDkBblBKN8GolAG1RSjTFCc8A9EQp0VSe56Zp5nkuexAA6BSlxB6CIPA8T/YUANApSon9mKaZJInsKQCgO5QS+1mtVpZlyZ4CALpDKbG3i4uLxWIhewoA6AilxN7yPBdClGUpexAA6AKlxCHCMHRdd/3fl1dpk8MpH7xdXqVyvygA2IhS4kCu64ZhWFXV0+uyyeGUD97ST69lf00AsAGlxIHKsjRNM015IAhAcZQSh0uSxLIsXrAEoDZKiaOwFwEA5VFKHMtxnCiKZE8BAG2hlDhWURSmaWZZJnsQAGgFpcQJJEli23ZRFLIHAYDTo5Q4jeVy6TgOV/cAUA+lxMlEUeQ4juwpAODEKCVO6fbePQCgBkqJE/N93/d92VMAwMlQSpzedDqdzWaypwCA06CUaIXrujyyBKAGSom2+L7vOA5vHQEwdJQSLYqiyLIsdlEHMGiUEu1K09SyrD/4zj9xhiWAgaKUaF1RFL/xu7/3xb/6BmdYAhgiSomOeJ6XJInsKQBgb5QSAIBd/h/yMeq8jvBo/QAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==" 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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M : Titik pusat kelengkungan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">F : Titik fokus. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">O : Titik pusat permukaan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OF : Jarak fokus, panjangnya ½ jari-jari kelengkungan cermin. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">OM : Sumbu utama cermin. </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar – sinar istimewa pada cermin cembung</span></u></div>
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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;">Sinar datang sejajar sumbu utama akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari titik fokus.</span></span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><span style="color: black;"> </span></span><img alt="" height="164" 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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" width="400" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="color: #555555; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal;">
<ul style="margin: 0px 20px 20px 0px; padding-left: 40px;">
<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar datang seolah-olah menuju titik fokus akan dipantulkan sejajar sumbu utama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span><img alt="" height="179" 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" 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<li><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sinar datang yang menuju pusat kelengkungan cermin, akan dipantulkan seolah-olah berasal dari pusat kelengkungan yang sama.</span></li>
</ul>
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="189" 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<u><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembentukan Bayangan Pada Cermin Cembung</span></u></div>
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<br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Benda yang terletak di depan cermin cembung akan selalu menghasilkan bayangan di belakang cermin dengan sifat maya, sama tegak dan diperkecil.</span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" height="183" 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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Hubungan antara Jarak Benda (s), Jarak Bayangan (s’), dan Jarak Fokus (f) pada cermin cembung dan cekung ditentukan oleh:</span><br /><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </span><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pada cermin cembung, nilai <i>f</i> adalah negatif (-)</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pembesaran Pada Cermin Cembung dan Cermin Cekung dapat ditentukan dengan: </span><br /><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><br /><br /><div class="MsoNormal">
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Untuk menghitung tinggi benda dan tinggi bayangan pada cermin cembung dan cermin cekung, menggunakan rumus:</span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i><img alt="" src="data:image/png;base64,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" style="background: transparent; border: none; padding: 0px;" /> </i></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><i>Keterangan :</i></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">f = </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak fokus cermin (cm atau m)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">So = </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak benda (cm atau m) </span><i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Si <span style="color: black;">= </span></span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">jarak bayangan (cm atau m)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">M = pembesaran</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt;"></span></div>
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<i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">h' </span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">= tinggi bayangan</span><br /><i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">h</span></i><span style="color: black; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> = tinggi benda</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><i>Sumber : http://kurniawatisuci.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/pembentukan-bayangan-pada-cermin.html</i></span></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-17997118674849913152018-05-07T19:07:00.002-07:002018-05-07T19:07:48.006-07:00Sifat Cahaya dan Proses Pembentukan BayanganSIFAT SIFAT CAHAYA<br />
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<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Cahaya adalah nama yang diberikan manusia pada radiasi yang dapat dilihat oleh mata manusia. Cahaya merupakan gelombang eloktromagnetik, yaitu gelombang yang getarannya adalah medan listrik dan medan magnet.</span><br />
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<span style="background-color: #f8f8f8; font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">Cahaya mempunyai sifat-sifat tertentu. Antara lain :</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>1. Cahaya Merambat Lurus</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Saat berjalan di kegelapan, kita memerlukan senter. Cahaya dari lampu senter arah rambatannya menurut garis lurus. Atau ketika kita melihat cahaya matahari yang menerobos masuk melalui genting. Kedua hal tersebut membuktikan bahwa cahaya merambat lurus. Kegiatan yang dapat untuk membuktikan bahwa cahaya merambat lurus adalah dengan menggunakan karton yang diberi lubang seperti gambar di samping. Ketika lobang karton disusun lurus kita dapat melihat cahaya lilin, namun ketika salah satu lobang digeser kita tidak bisa lagi melihat cahaya tersebut. Sifat cahaya yang selalu merambat lurus ini dimanfaatkan manusia pada pembuatan lampu senter dan lampu kendaraan bermotor.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>2. Cahaya Dapat Menembus Benda Bening</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Amatilah ketika kamu berjalan di bawah cahaya matahari. Ke mana pun kamu berjalan, selalu diikuti oleh bayanganmu sendiri. Bayang-bayang tubuhmu akan hilang ketika kamu masuk ke dalam rumah atau berlindung di balik pohon yang besar. Bayangan terbentuk karena cahaya tidak dapat menembus suatu benda. Ketika cahaya mengenai tubuhmu, cahaya tidak dapat menembus tubuhmu sehingga terbentuklah bayangan. Begitu pula ketika cahaya mengenai rumahmu dan pohon yang besar. Bayangan adalah daerah gelap yang terbentuk akibat cahaya tidak dapat menembus suatu benda. Bayangan dibedakan menjadi dua, yakni bayangan nyata dan bayangan maya. Bayangan maya (semu) adalah bayangan yang dapat dilihat mata, tapi tidak dapat ditangkap pada layar, sedangkan bayangan nyata adalah bayangan yang dapat ditangkap layar. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Berdasarkan dapat atau tidaknya di tembus cahaya, benda-benda digolongkan menjadi 3:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Opaque atau benda tidak tembus cahaya, Adalah benda gelap yang tidak dapat ditembus oleh cahaya sama sekali. Opaque memantulkan semua cahaya yang mengenainya. Benda semacam ini contohnya adalah buku, kayu, tembok, dan air keruh.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Benda Bening, yakni benda-benda yang dapat ditembus cahaya. Benda bening juga sering disebut benda transparant. Benda transparant meneruskan semua cahaya yang mengenainya. Contohnya kaca yang bening dan air jernih</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Benda Transluent Benda transluent adalah benda-benda yang dapat meneruskan sebagian cahaya yang datang dan menyebarkan sebagian cahaya yang lainnya. Contohnya kain gorden tipis, dan beberapa jenis plastik.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>3. Cahaya dapat dipantulkan</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pemantulan (refleksi) atau pencerminan adalah proses terpancarnya kembali cahaya dari permukaan benda yang terkena cahaya. Contoh peristiwa pemantulan cahaya adalah saat kita bercermin. Bayangan tubuh kita akan terlihat di cermin, karena cahaya yang dipantulkan tubuh kita, saat mengenai permukaan cermin, dipantulkan, atau dipancarkan kembali hingga masuk ke mata kita. Pemantulan pada cermin, termasuk pemantulan teratur. Pemantulan teratur terjadi pada benda yang permukaannya rata dan mengkilap/licin. Pada benda semacam ini, cahaya dipantulkan dengan arah yang sejajar, sehingga dapat membentuk bayangan benda dengan sangat baik. Pada benda yang permukaannya tidak rata, cahaya yang datang dipantulkan dengan arah yang tidak beraturan. Pemantulan semacam ini disebut pemantulan baur, atau pemantulan difus. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>4. Cahaya Dapat Dibiaskan</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pembiasan adalah pembelokan arah rambat cahaya, saat melewati dua medium yang</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: left;">berbeda kerapatannya. Pembiasan cahaya dimanfaatkan manusia dalam pembuatan berbagai alat optik. Apabila cahaya merambat dari zat yang kurang rapat ke zat yang lebih rapat, cahaya akan dibiaskan mendekati garis normal. Misalnya cahaya merambat dari udara ke air. Sebaliknya, apabila cahaya merambat dari zat yang lebih rapat ke zat yang kurang rapat, cahaya akan dibiaskan menjauhi garis normal. Misalnya cahaya merambat dari air ke udara. </span><br style="text-align: left;" /><div style="font-family: Georgia; font-size: 14px;">
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Pembiasan cahaya sering kamu jumpai dalam kehidupan sehari-hari. Misalnya dasar kolam terlihat lebih dangkal daripada kedalaman sebenarnya. Gejala pembiasan juga dapat dilihat pada pensil yang dimasukkan ke dalam gelas yang berisi air. Pensil tersebut akan tampak patah.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;"><b>5. Cahaya dapat diuraikan</b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif;">Cahaya putih seperti cahaya matahari termasuk jenis cahaya polikromatik. Cahaya polikromatik adalah cahaya yang tersusun atas beberapa komponen warna. Cahaya putih tersusun atas spektrum-spektrum cahaya yang berwarna merah, jingga, kuning, hijau, biru, nila, dan ungu. Spektrum warna yang tidak dapat diuraikan lagi disebut cahaya monokromatik. Cahaya putih dapat diuraikan. Saat melewati prisma, cahaya putih akan mengalami dispersi (penguraian). Contoh peristiwa dispersi cahaya yang terjadi secara alami adalah peristiwa terbentuknya pelangi. Pelangi terbentuk dari cahaya matahari yang diuraikan oleh titik-titik air hujan di langit. Cahaya matahari yang kita lihat berwarna putih. Namun, sebenarnya cahaya matahari tersusun atas banyak cahaya berwarna.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia, "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 14px;">Sumber : </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, Times New Roman, serif;"><span style="font-size: 14px;">http://giatlahbelajar.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/sifat-sifat-cahaya.html</span></span></div>
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<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-16588615892724534362018-03-26T19:49:00.001-07:002018-03-26T19:55:40.157-07:00SonifikasiSONIFIKASI<br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Sonikasi adalah suatu teknologi yang memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik. Ultrasonik adalah suara atau getaran dengan frekuensi yang terlalu tinggi untuk bisa didengar oleh manusia, yaitu kira-kira di atas 20 kHz. </span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Gelombang ultrasonik dapat merambat dalam medium padat, cair, dan gas. P</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"><span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;"></span>roses sonikasi ini mengubah sinyal listrik menjadi getaran fisik yang dapat diarahkan untuk suatu bahan dengan menggunakan alat yang bernama sonikator. Sonikasi ini biasanya dilakukan untuk memecah senyawa atau sel untuk pemeriksaan lebih lanjut. Getaran ini memiliki efek yang sangat kuat pada larutan, menyebabkan pecahnya molekul dan putusnya sel. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Bagian utama dari perangkat sonikasi adalah generator listrik ultrasonik. Perangkat ini membuat sinyal (biasanya sekitar 20 kHz) yang berkekuatan ke transduser. Transduser ini mengubah sinyal listrik dengan menggunakan kristal piezoelektrik, atau kristal yang merespon langsung ke listrik dengan menciptakan getaran mekanis dan kemudian dikeluarkan melewati <i>probe</i>. <i>Probe</i> sonikasi mengirimkan getaran ke larutan yang disonikasi. <i>Probe</i> ini akan bergerak seiring dengan getaran dan mentransmisikan ke dalam larutan. Probe bergerak naik dan turun pada tingkat kecepatan yang tinggi, meskipun amplitudo dapat dikontrol dan dipilih berdasarkan kualitas larutan yang disonikasi. Gerakan cepat probe menimbulkan efek yang disebut kavitasi. Rangkaian alat sonikasi dapat dilihat pada Gambar I.</span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 18.4px;">Gambar I. Rangkaian Alat Sonikasi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Dalam hal kinetika kimia, ultrasonik dapat meningkatkan kereaktifan kimia pada suatu sistem yang secara efektif bertindak sebagai katalis untuk lebih mereaktifkan atom – atom dan molekul dalam sistem. Pada reaksi yang menggunakan bahan padat, ultrasonik ini berfungsi untuk memecah padatan dari energi yang ditimbulkan akibat runtuhnya kavitasi. Dampaknya ialah luas permukaan padatan lebih besar sehingga laju reaksi meningkat (Suslick, 1989).</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;"> Semakin lama waktu sonikasi, ukuran partikel cenderung lebih homogen dan mengecil yang akhirnya menuju ukuran nanopartikel yang stabil serta penggumpalan pun semakin berkurang. Hal ini disebabkan karena gelombang kejut pada metode sonikasi dapat memisahkan penggumpalan partikel (<i>agglomeration</i>) dan terjadi dispersi sempurna dengan penambahan surfaktan sebagai penstabil. </span><br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Daya ultrasonik meningkatkan perubahan kimia dan fisik dalam media cair melalui generasi dan pecah dari gelembung kavitasi. Seperti ultrasonik, gelombang suara disebarkan melalui serangkaian kompresi dan penghalusan gelombang diinduksi dalam molekul medium yang dilewatinya. Pada daya yang cukup tinggi siklus penghalusan dapat melebihi kekuatan menarik dari molekul cairan dan kavitasi gelembung akan terbentuk. Gelembung tersebut tumbuh dengan proses yang dikenal sebagai difusi yang dikoreksi yaitu sejumlah kecil uap (atau gas) dari media memasuki gelembung selama fase ekspansi dan tidak sepenuhnya dikeluarkan selama kompresi. Gelembung berkembang selama periode beberapa siklus untuk ukuran kesetimbangan untuk frekuensi tertentu digunakan. Ini adalah fenomena gelembung ketika pecah dalam siklus kompresi yang menghasilkan energi untuk efek kimia dan mekanik (Gambar II). Pecahnya gelembung kavitasi merupakan fenomena luar biasa yang disebabkan oleh kekuatan suara. Dalam sistem cair pada frekuensi ultrasonik 20kHz setiap pecahnya gelembung kavitasi bertindak sebagai lokal "hotspot" menghasilkan suhu sekitar 4.000 K dan tekanan lebih dari 1000 atmosfer. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Gambar II. Generasi Acoustic Cavitation</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Menurut Gogate berkaitan dengan reaksi kimia, kavitasi dapat mempengaruhi hal berikut:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">a. Mengurangi waktu reaksi</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">b. Meningkatkan yield dalam reaksi kimia</span></div>
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c. Mengurangi ”<i>force</i>” suhu dan tekanan</div>
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d. Mengurangi periode induksi dan reaksi yang diinginkan</div>
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e. Meningkatkan selektivitas</div>
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f. Membangkitkan radikal bebas </div>
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 24px;">Sebagai tambahan terhadap timbulnya kondisi-kondisi ekstrem di dalam gelembung juga dihasilkan efek mekanik seperti terjadinya <i>collaps</i> gelembung yang sangat cepat. Hal ini juga sangat penting dalam bidang sintesis dan termasuk juga <i>degassing</i> yang sangat cepat dari kavitasi cairan serta dalam hal pembentukan kristal yang cepat.</span> </div>
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Sumber: http://tugas-ipa-smp.blogspot.co.id/2018/03/sonifikasi.html</div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-88608726877518304262018-03-26T19:46:00.002-07:002018-03-26T19:46:22.774-07:00Pembersih Ultrasonikpembersih ultrasonik<div>
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<strong style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 11.2px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">1. Pengenalan alat</strong></div>
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Ultrasonic cleaner adalah suatu alat yang dirancang untuk kebutuhan membersihkan peralatan laboratorium dan peralatan optic tertentu. Alat ini memakai energi listrik dan memerlukan medium cair proses pembersihannya. Panas akan timbul sebagai akibatan sampingan dari mekanisme pembersihan yang terjadi.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">2. Prinsip kerja alat</strong></div>
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Prinsip kerja ultrasonic cleaner adalah mengubah energi listrik menjadi getaran dengan frekuensi sangat tinggi. Getaran ini akan dirambatkan melalui medium cair ke benda-benda yang berada di dalam medium itu. Partikel yang melekat akan terlepas, molekul-molekul akan terurai, sel akan pecah, dan DNA akan terpotong-potong sebagai akibat dari getaran yang mengenainya.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">3. Bagian-bagian</strong></div>
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<em style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Ultrasonic cleaner</em> memiliki bagian-bagian sebagai berikut:</div>
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1) Bak cuci yang dilengkapi keranjang, penutup, dan katup pembuangan air, pada bak cuci terdapat tombol pengatur waktu, tombol start/stop, lampu displai untuk waktu, dan kabel listrik untuk menghubungkan jaringan elektroni pada bak cuci dengan regulator tegangan listrik;</div>
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2) Jaringan elektronik pengubah energi listrik menjadi getaran; bagian ini terdapat disalah satu bagian badan alat, berfungsi untuk mengubah energi listrik yang diberikan pada alat ini menjadi getaran dengan frekuensi sangat tinggi. 3) Regulator tegangan listrik, merupakan pelengkap alat “ultra sonic cleaner” yang berfungsi untuk mengubah arus listrik dua arah dengan tegangan 220-240 volt menjadi arus listrik dua arah dengan tegangan 100 volt. Bagian ini sangat penting untuk menjalankan “ultra sonic cleaner” karena alat ini dibuat dan diperuntukkan bagi pengguna di Jepang yang memiliki arus listrik dengan tegangan 100 volt.</div>
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<strong style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">4. Cara pemakaian</strong></div>
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1) Memastikan bak dalam keadaan bersih dan katup air tertutup;</div>
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2) Mengisi bak dengan air kran hingga mencapai batas yang ada di dalam bak;</div>
<div style="font-size: 11.2px; font-weight: 400; padding: 5px 0px;">
3) Menambahkan deterjen netral sebanyak ± 2 sendok makan;</div>
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4) Memasukkan peralatan yang akan dicuci ke dalam keranjang, kemudian memasukkan keranjang dan peralatan yang ada di dalamnya ke dalam bak;</div>
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5) Menghubungkan kabel listrik ke sumber listrik;</div>
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6) Mengatur waktu pencucian selama ± 20 menit tergantung dari tingkat kekotoran alat yang dicuci;</div>
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7) Menekan tombol “start”. Pencucian akan berlangsung selama waktu yang kita tentukan. Setelah waktu pencucian selesai getaran akan berhenti.</div>
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/NpNiaOPACdk/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/NpNiaOPACdk?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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Sumber : http://tulisanterkini.com/artikel/biologi/1408-ultrasonic-cleaner-usc.html</div>
</strong></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-91320136297332216932018-03-26T19:39:00.001-07:002018-03-26T19:39:10.047-07:00Terapi Ultrasonik<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">TERAPI ULTRASONIK</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Fisioterapi <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>memiliki tanggung jawab di dalam kesehatan gerak fungsional sebagai bagian integral dari pelayanan kesehatan. Dalam pelaksanaan di pergunakan berbagai metodologi intervensi fisioterapi, termasuk penggunaan stesor-stesor fisis didalam rangkaian modalitas fisioterapi. Modalitas fisioterapi memiliki berbagai macam atau jenis, yang salah satunya ialah ultra sonik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Gelombang ultra sonik yang merupakan gelombang suara yang di peroleh dari getaran yang memiliki frekwensi 0,1 hingga 5 MHz. Gelombang ini dapat di kelompokkan menurut fungsinya dengan frekwensi dan intensitas masing-masing (Lehmaun 1990)</span></span></div>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: auto auto auto 41.4pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 646px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1pt solid windowtext; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk diagnostik</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">frekwensi</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: 1pt solid windowtext; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="IT" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">intensitas</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">echocardiography</span></span></em></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5 M Hz</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3,4 mW/cm</span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">echophalography</span></em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></em></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5 M Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3,4 mW/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">doppler blood flow</span></em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></em></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5 s.d 10 M Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">203 m/W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">obstretical<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>doopler</span></em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></em></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2,25 M Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6,3 m/W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">untuk <em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">surgical </em>/ bedah</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gallostone ablation</span></em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></em></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0,01 M Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20 s.d 100 W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin-left: 3.6pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -3.6pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">untuk terapetik</span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: 1pt solid windowtext; border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 180pt;" valign="top" width="240"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">physical medicine & rehabilitation</span></em><em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></em></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 99pt;" valign="top" width="132"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0,75 s.d 3 M Hz</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: 1pt solid windowtext; border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 105.85pt;" valign="top" width="141"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">0.1 s.d 5 W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">a. Generator Ultra Sonik</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pesawat ultra sonik merupakan suatu generator yang menghasilkan arus bolak balik berfrekwensi tinggi (high frequency alternating current) yang mencapai 0,75 s.d 3 MHz. Arus ini berjalan menembus kabel koaksial pada transducer yang kemudian di konversikan menjadi vibrasi oleh adanya efek piezoelektrik.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Efek piezoelektrik ini pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Pierre dan Jacques Curie (1880), yang di peroleh dari vibrasi kristal quartz atau dari produk sintetis kristal keramik berupa barium titanate maupun lead zirconate titanate.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kristal ini dibentuk dengan ketebalan 2-3 mm melingkar sesuai dengan axis elektrik, kemudian dieratkan pada bagian dalam permukaan tranducer. Saat di aliri arus atau beda potensial, kristal ini akan mengalami vibrasi baik secara kompresi maupun ekspansi dengan frekwensi sama dengan sinyal elektrik yang datang. Umumnya frekwensi yang di hasilkan oleh generator adalah 1 dan 3 MHz.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">b. Penyebaran efek ultra sonik dalam jaringan</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Efek penyebaran ultra sonik dalam jaringan bergantung pada:<a href="https://dhaenkpedro.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/us-animasi.gif" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #f45145; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="" class="alignright size-thumbnail wp-image-115" data-attachment-id="115" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":""}" data-image-title="us-animasi" data-large-file="https://dhaenkpedro.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/us-animasi.gif?w=357" data-medium-file="https://dhaenkpedro.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/us-animasi.gif?w=300" data-orig-file="https://dhaenkpedro.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/us-animasi.gif" data-orig-size="357,170" data-permalink="https://dhaenkpedro.wordpress.com/ultrasound-therapy/us-animasi/" height="151" src="https://dhaenkpedro.files.wordpress.com/2008/09/us-animasi.gif?w=150&h=70" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; float: right; height: auto; margin: 13.5px 0px 13.5px 27px; max-width: 100%;" title="us-animasi" width="320" /></a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kedalaman penetrasi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 72pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kedalaman penetrasi tergantung pada absorpsi dan penyebaran pancaran ultra sonik selama dalam jaringan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2). Absorpsi (<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">absorpation</em>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan penerimaan panas yang di konversikan dari energi akustik<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 72pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">oleh adanya penyebaran ultra sonik dalam jaringan. Menurut Michloyitz, 1990 absopsi ultra sonik berkaitan dengan kandungan protein dalam jaringan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 72pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background-color: white; border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin: auto auto auto 72pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline; width: 379px;"><tbody style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext; border-collapse: collapse; border-image: initial; border-left: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-right: rgb(236, 233, 216); border-top: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tissue type</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Attenuation</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Protein content</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bone</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">96% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">20-25%</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cartilago</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">68% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tendon</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">59% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">skin</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">39% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">blood vessel</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">32% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">15-20%</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">muscle</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">24% per cm</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 90pt;" valign="bottom" width="120"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">10-15%</span></div>
</td></tr>
<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">fat</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">13% per cm</span></div>
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<tr style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 122.4pt;" valign="bottom" width="163"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">blood</span></div>
</td><td style="background-color: transparent; border-collapse: collapse; border: rgb(236, 233, 216); box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; height: 12.75pt; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px 5.4pt; vertical-align: baseline; width: 72pt;" valign="bottom" width="96"><div class="MsoNormal" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3% per cm</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Beberapa jaringan yang dapat di berikan ultra sonik :</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Superficial bone<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>peripheal nerves</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Joint capsules<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>myofacial interface</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tendon<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>cells membranes</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Scar tissue</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ultra sonik frekwensi tinggi (3 MHz) akan lebih mudah di absorpsi dari pada yang berfrekwensi rendah (1 MHz), (wadsworth, chanmugam, 1988)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3). Penyebaran (<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">scattering</em>)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan penyebaran secara refleksi maupun refraksi ultra sonik dari permukaan tak beraturan atau inhomogenitas kedalam jaringan.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">c. Frekwensi</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Frekwensi ultra sonik merupakan jumlah iscilasi gelombang suara yang dicapai dalam waktu satu detik yang dinyatakan dengan megahertz (MHz). Umumnya frekwensi yang di pergunakan dalam terapi ultra sonik adalah 1 dan 3 MHz</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 36pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">d. Intensitas</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan rata-rata energi yang dipancarkan tiap unit area, dan dinyatakan dalam watt per sentimeter persegi (W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">). sedangkan power ialah total output dari tranducer yang dinyatakan dalam watt (W).</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>Total power output (watts)</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 108pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Intensitas =<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>_________________________</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span>ERA pada transducer (cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²)</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Umumnya intensitas untuk terapi ultra sonik ini berkisar antara 0 s.d 5 W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. namun yang sering di pergunakan dalam klinik berkisar antara 0,5 s.d 2 W/cm</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">²</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. agar diperhatikan bahwa pemberian ultra sonik dengan intensitas tinggi dapat mengakibatkan terjadinya unstable cavitation ataupun mikrotrauma jaringan.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">e. Efek fisiologik dari ultra sonik termal dan implikasi klinisnya</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 72pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Efek fisiologi</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">·<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meningkatkan extensibilitas colagen dari tendon, kapsul sendi dan scar tissue</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">·<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meningkatkan konduksi syaraf motor maupun sensor dengan meningkatkan ambang rangsang rasa nyeri</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">·<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mempengaruhi aktivitas kontraktil otot rangka, mengurangi aktivitas muscle spindle, mengurangi spasme otot yang secara sekunder menyebabkan nyeri<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">·<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Meningkatkan aliran darah<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">f. Efek fisiologik US non thermal ultrasonik</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Efek non thermal ultrasonik terjadi dari gelombang suara berpulsa. Efek ini akan meningkat sejalan dengan peningkatan frekwensi (M Hz) dan intensitasnya.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Umumnya pulsa gelombang ini memiliki rasio 1 : 4 (20%), 1 : 1 (50%), 1 : 9 (10%). Sehingga pemberian ultra sonik berpulsa selama 5 menit dengan rasio 1 : 4 berarti bahwa pasien akan menerima gelombang ultra sonik selama 1</span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">¼</span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Arial; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. </span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">efek non thermal ultra sonik di hasilkan oleh vibrasi mekanik menghasilkan :</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) acoustic streming, yakni arus tak langsung yang terjadi pada membran sel</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) cavitation, ada dua macam (a) stable cavitation (b) unstable atau trensient cavitation</span></span></div>
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<span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) micromassage, merupakan gerakan oscilator dari sel dan jaringan.</span></span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sehingga efek non termal ultra sonik dapat mengurangi oedem, nyeri dan spasme otot, memperbaiki aliran darah serta menginduksi perbaikan non union bone, regenerasi jaringan dan perbaikan jaringan lunak.</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">g. Efek fisiologik dari ultra sonik non termal dan implikasi klinisnya :</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="FR" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">menstimulasi pelepasan histamin dari sel mast oleh adanya degranulasi</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="FI" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stimulasi pelepasan serotonin dari sel darah</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stimulasi pelepasan chemotactic agents dan growth factor dari makrofag</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stimulasi pembentukan kapiler darah baru oleh sel-sel endotel</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">stimulasi fibroblast untuk meningkatkan sintetis protein</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">meningkatkan kandungan kolagen</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">meningkatkan velositas konduksi saraf motor dan sensor yang akan meningkatkan ambang nyeri</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">h. Implikasi klinik</span></span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mempercepat penyembuhan luka dengan percepatan fase awal peradangan</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mempercepat penyembuhan luka dengan percepatan fase akhir peradangan</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mempercepat penyusutan luka akibat kurangnya pembentukan scar tissue</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mempercepat penyembuhan luka dengan perbaikan sirkulasi yang memerlukan sintetis colagen</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mempercepat penyembuhan dengan memproduk kolagen yang hilang</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">meningkatkan daya lentur jaringan</span></span></div>
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<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">–<span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: ""; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></span><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mengurangi nyeri</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">i. <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indikasi</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) Kondisi peradangan sub akut dan khronik</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) Kondisi traumatik sub akut dan khronik</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) Adanya jaringan parut atau scar tissue pada kulit sehabis luka operasi atau luka bakar</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4) Kondisi ketegangan, pemendekan dan perlengketan jaringan lunak (otot, tendon dan ligamentum )</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5) Kondisi inflamasi khronik</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">j. <span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 700; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kontra indikasi</span></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Merupakan kontra indikasi terhadap terapi ultra sonik antara lain :</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1) penyakit jantung atau penderita dengan alat pacu jantung</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2) kehamilan, khususnya pada daerah uterus</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3) jaringan lembut : mata, testis, ovarium, otak</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4) jaringan yang baru sembuh atau jaringan granulasi baru</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5) pasien dengan gangguan sensasi</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6) tanda-tanda keganasan atau tumor malignan</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">7) insufisiensi sirkulasi darah : thrombosis, thromboplebitis atau occlisive occular disease</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">8) infeksi akut</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="background-color: white; border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #656e7f; font-family: "Source Sans Pro", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 18px; margin-left: 54pt; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">9) daerah epiphysis untuk anak-anak dan dewasa</span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><br /></span></span></div>
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<span lang="SV" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-size: 10pt; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 13.3333px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sumber : https://dhaenkpedro.wordpress.com/ultrasound-therapy/</span></span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-55743629909262641432018-03-26T19:32:00.001-07:002018-03-26T19:32:11.369-07:00Sonar<header class="entry-header" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #666666; font-family: "Roboto Slab", Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 15px;"><h1 class="entry-title" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; clear: both; font-size: 32px; font-style: inherit; font-weight: 400; line-height: 1.21429em; margin: 0px 0px 7px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">
SISTEM SONAR</h1>
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<span class="posted-on" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="https://riginaadhita.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/sistem-sonar/" rel="bookmark" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;">MARCH 26, 2015</a></span><span class="byline" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; display: inline; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span class="sep" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px 3px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ~ </span><span class="author vcard" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a class="url fn n" href="https://riginaadhita.wordpress.com/author/riginaadhita/" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #999999; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;">RIGINAADHITA</a></span></span></div>
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<a href="https://riginaadhita.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sonar_drawing.gif" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; color: #1c7c7c; font-family: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; transition: all 0.2s ease-in-out; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="sonar_drawing" class="alignnone size-medium wp-image-28" data-attachment-id="28" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-description="" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="sonar_drawing" data-large-file="https://riginaadhita.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sonar_drawing.gif?w=350" data-medium-file="https://riginaadhita.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sonar_drawing.gif?w=300&h=261" data-orig-file="https://riginaadhita.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sonar_drawing.gif" data-orig-size="350,304" data-permalink="https://riginaadhita.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/sistem-sonar/sonar_drawing/" height="261" src="https://riginaadhita.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/sonar_drawing.gif?w=300&h=261" style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; height: auto; margin-bottom: 14px; margin-top: 14px; max-width: 100%;" width="300" /></a></h5>
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Sonar (sound navigation and ranging), merupakan istilah dari Amerika, yang berarti penjarakan dan navigasi suara, adalah sebuah teknik yang menggunakan penjalaran suara untuk navigasi atau mendeteksi keadaan lainnya. Pada dasarnya terdapat dua tipe sonar yaitu sonar aktif dan pasif.<a name='more'></a></h5>
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Sonar aktif menggunakan transmitter, yang mengkonversi energi listrik menjadi energi suara dan memancarkan gelombang suara tersebut. Transmitter ini bila digunakan di dalam air, bisa menghasilkan gelombang suara berdenging yang kuat.</h5>
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Gelombang suara ini merambat di dalam air hingga akhirnya menabrak sebuah objek, kemudian objek tersebut memantulkan gelombang suara tadi ke segala arah. Beberapa gelombang pantulan akan memantul kembali ke alat sonar dan ditangkap oleh sebuah alat receiver. Lalu receiver ini mengkonversikan energi suara pantulan tersebut kembali ke bentuk energi frekuensi listrik, kemudian komputer akan menganalisa frekuensi listrik ini untuk menentukan lokasi dan jeda objek dari alat sonar.</h5>
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Sonar akan memperhitungkan jeda objek dengan mengukur waktu yang dibutuhkan oleh gelombang suara untuk memancar dari transmitter, memantul dari objek, dan diterima kembali oleh receiver. Metode perhitungan jeda ini disebut echo ranging. Gelombang suara memiliki kecepatan tempuh 1,5 km/detik di dalam air.</h5>
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Sedangkan tipe sonar pasif, hanya bisa menerima gelombang suara yang dipancarkan oleh sumber suara lain, dan tidak bisa memancarkan gelombang suara. Tipe sonar ini bisa digunakan buat memperkirakan arah dari sebuah objek, namun tidak bisa digunakan buat menentukan jeda lokasi objek tersebut.</h5>
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<iframe width="320" height="266" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/2Q9izOwp1aU/0.jpg" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/2Q9izOwp1aU?feature=player_embedded" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe></div>
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Cara kerja perlengkapan sonar adalah dengan mengirim gelombang suara bawah permukaan dan kemudian menunggu untuk gelombang pantulan (<em style="border: 0px; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: inherit; font-weight: inherit; margin: 0px; outline: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">echo</em>). Data suara dipancar ulang ke operator melalui pengeras suara atau ditayangkan pada monitor.</h5>
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Sonar mula-mula dibuat untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gunung es. Minat untuk mengembangkan perangkat sonar terutama didorong oleh sengitnya perang kapal selam pada Perang Dunia 1. Sistem sonar pasif, yang terdiri atas deretan mikrofon yang ditarik kapal, digunakan untuk mendeteksi kehadiran kapal selam pada kira-kira tahun 1916. Sonar aktif baru mulai dioperasikan sejak tahun 1918 oleh kelompok ilmuwan Inggris dan Amerika.</h5>
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Beberapa contoh pemanfaatan sonar:</h5>
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Gelombang ultrasonik dimanfaatkan untuk mengamati janin bayi dalam kandungan, yang dikenal dengan ultrasonografi (USG). Alat ini akan memancarkan berkas ultrasonik ke rahim ibu hamil, kemudian melacak perubahan frekuensi bunyi mantul dari jantung yang berdenyut dan darah yang beredar. Pancaran pendek dari ultrasonik akan menghasilkan gambar penampang badan manusia. Denyut yang menabrak janin dan tulang belakang akan terpantul. Komputer menyimpan intensitas setiap denyut dan waktu arah gemanya. Berdasarkan data, computer akan menghitung kedalaman dan lokasi setiap benda yang menghasilkan gema, lalu menampilkan titik cerah pada monitor.</h5>
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Gelombang ultrasonik digunakan untuk mendeteksi adanya penyakit pada manusia, seperti mendeteksi adanya kista pada ovarium.</h5>
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Gelombang ultrasonik juga digunakan untuk menentukan kedalaman dasar lautan yang diperoleh dengan cara memancarkan bunyi ke dalam air. Gelombang bunyi akan merambat menurut garis lurus hingga mengenai sebuah penghalang, misalnya dasar laut. Ketika gelombang bunyi itu mengenai penghalang, sebagian gelombang itu akan dipantulkan kembali ke kapal sebagai gema. Waktu yang dibutuhkan gelombang bunyi untuk bergerak turun ke dasar dan kembali ke atas diukur dengan cermat.</h5>
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Dalam penggunaan di bidang kemiliteran, sonar pasif memiliki kelebihan tersendiri, yaitu tak bisa dideteksi oleh sonar yang dimiliki oleh pihak lawan. Pada umumnya, semua kapal selam menggunakan sonar tipe ini, sedangkan hampir seluruh kapal bahari tempur yang berada di atas permukaan air menggunakan sonar aktif sebab jenis kapal ini mengeluarkan bunyi yang terlalu bising sehingga tak memungkinkan penggunaan tipe sonar pasif.</h5>
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Sumber : https://riginaadhita.wordpress.com/2015/03/26/sistem-sonar/</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-81687022039780068922018-03-26T19:25:00.004-07:002018-03-26T19:25:50.985-07:00Ultrasonografi (USG)<div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom: 2.15em;">
Ultrasonografi diagnostik adalah teknik pencitraan non-invasiv yang menggunakan gelombang suara frekuensi tinggi (lebih besar dari 20 kilohertz/ kHz). Pada USG terdapat sebuah alat yang disebut dengan tranducer yang berfungsi untuk mengirimkan dan menerima kembali gelombang suara yang bervariasi dari berbagai jaringan di dalam tubuh. Transduser ini diletakan di kulit pasien dengan lapisan tipis dari gel. Ketika gelombang suara dikirimkan maka sebagian gelombang akan diteruskan dan sebagian akan dipantulkan kembali. Gelombang suara yang dipantulkan inilah yang akan ditangkap kembali oleh tranduser yang kemudian diubah menjadi gelombang listrik dan diterjemahkan. Besar gelombang kemudian menghasilkan gambarannya masing-masing, dengan echo/ gelombang yang kuat akan menghasilkan gambaran putih, sedangan echo yang lemah akan menghasilkan gambaran mendekati hitam. Untuk jarak pun dapat diperhitungkan oleh ultrasonografi ini dengan waktu penjalaran gelombang tersebut.</div>
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<a href="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEn64CrEm9exT8rZ15t-YE_1r3JbGTkPgkD3IljRCeaOOXY-D3" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Image result for ultrasonografi" border="0" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTEn64CrEm9exT8rZ15t-YE_1r3JbGTkPgkD3IljRCeaOOXY-D3" /></a></div>
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Meskipun ultasonografi memiliki kelebihan yaitu pemeriksaan yang non-invasif (tidak memerlukan tindakan pembedahan, dll), namun pemeriksaan ultrasonografi ini juga memiliki kekurangan. Kekurangannya diantaranya keterbatasan dalam memvisualisasikan organ abdomen yang letaknya di garis tengah contoh pankreas dan juga ketidak mampuan dari gelombang suara untuk menembus gas dan tulang. Ultrasonografi inipun sangat bergantung kepada operator di dalam penggunaannya.</div>
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Terdapat banyak penggunaan umum pada USG diantaranya pencitraan untuk abdomen/ perut (hati, kantung empedu, pankreas, ginjal), pelvis/ panggul (alat reproduksi wanita), janin (pemeriksaan rutin dapat memperlihatkan bila terdapat anomali), sistem vaskular (aneurisma, hubungan arteri vena, deep vein trombosis), tetis (tumor, terpelintir/ torsi, infeksi), payudara, otak anak (perdarahan, kelainan kongenital) dan dada (ukuran dan lokasi terkumpulnya cairan pleura). Selain itu USG dapat digunakan dalam pengarah intervensi misal pada biopsi lesi, drainase abses dan ablasi radiofrekuensi.</div>
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Sumber : http://doktersehat.com/ultrasonografi-usg/</span><br />
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<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-family: Lato, "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"><br /></span>Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-49076055502430142472018-03-26T19:17:00.001-07:002018-03-26T19:17:17.769-07:00Mekanisme Mendengar pada Manusia dan Hewan PENDENGARAN PADA HEWAN<br />
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pengertian Sistem Indera</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem indera</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> adalah bagian dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_saraf" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Sistem saraf"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sistem saraf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> yang berfungsi untuk proses informasi </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indera" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Indera"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">indera</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Di dalam sistem indera, terdapat </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Reseptor_indera&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Reseptor indera (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">reseptor indera</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jalur_saraf&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Jalur saraf (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">jalur saraf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, dan bagian dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Otak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">otak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> ikut serta dalam tanggapan indera.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Umumnya, sistem indera yang dikenal adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penglihatan" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Penglihatan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">penglihatan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendengaran" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pendengaran"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pendengaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">,</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penciuman" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Penciuman"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">penciuman</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecapan" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pengecapan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pengecapan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peraba" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Peraba"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">peraba</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><img alt="Hasil gambar untuk pendengaran pada hewan" height="192" src="https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRiQTvsXswZKGJdorYmAlFarz-_tqmAIpIhwFlqF3rBLkvij9-7dQ" style="background: transparent; border: none; max-width: 100%; padding: 0px;" width="320" /><a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra Pada Hewan<a name='more'></a></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">A.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Hewan Vetebrata</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Veterbrata memiliki sistem indera yang lebih berkembang dari hewan invetebrata. Berikut ini penjelasan indera pada ikan, katak, burung dan mamalia.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Ikan</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Ikan memiliki indera yang disebut gurat sisi, mata, alat pedengaran dan alat pencium. Gurat sisi berfungsi mengetahui perubahan air. Sehingga ikan mengetahui kedudukannya didalam air.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indra yang berkembang baik pada ikan adalah indra pecium dan indra penglihat. Indra penglihatan pada ikan berupa sepasang mata yang dilindungi selaput yang tembus cahaya. Indera pencium pada ikan terdapat didekat mulutnya. Indera pendengar ikan hanya terdiri dari atas telinga dalam saja yang berfungsi sebagai organ pendengar dan alat keseimbangan indra pendengar ini kurang berkembang dengan baik.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada katak</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada katak indera penglihatan dan indera pencium berkembang lebih baik dari pada organ indera lainnya. Inder apenglihatan pada katak berupa mata yang dilindungi kelopak dan membran tembus cahaya yang disebut membran niktitans.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Membran ini berfungsi menjaga kelembaban mata selama didarat dan menghindari gesekan selama di air. Indera pendengar pada katak hanya terdiri dari telinga bagian tengaj dan telinga bagian dalam. Bagian telinga paling luar berupa selaput gendang telingan (Membran timpani) yng berfungsi menangkap getaran suara.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Reptil</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indera reptil yang berkembang dengan baik adalah indera pencium. Pada kadal dan ular, indera penciumnya terletak di langit- langit rongga mulutnya, berupa lubang- lubang kecil yang tepinya mengandung sel- sel saraf pencium.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Burung</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indera pada burung yang berkembang dengan baik adalah indera penglihatan yaitu mata. Mata burung dapat berakomodasi dengan baik. Burung yang hiduo dan mencari makanan pada malam hari pada retinanya banyak mengandung sel batang. Sedangkan burung yang hidup dan mencari makanan pada retinanya banyak mengandung sel kerucut.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Umumnya burung memiliki daya akomodasi yang sangat baik sehingga dapat melihat mangsanya dari jauh.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Mamalia</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Indera mamalia umumnya berkembang dengan baik. Kepekaan indera pada masing- masing mamalia berbeda- beda misalnnya kuncing, anjing mempunyai indera pendengaran yang istimewa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Selain indera pendengran, anjing memiliki indera pencium yang sangat tajam. Menangkap getaran bunyi setinggo 150.000 Hz.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">B.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra Hewan Invertebrata</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem indera invetebrata masih sangat sederhana. Berikut inio dijelaskan sistem indera protozoa. Coulenterata, Molusca, cacing pipih, cacing tanah dan serangga.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Hewan bersel Satu (Protozoa)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Pada umumnya tidak memiliki indera, tetapi peka terhadap rangsangan cahaya. Bila ada cahaya kuat, amoeba dan paramaecium akan menjauh. Englena hanya memiliki alat menerima rangsang cahaya berupa bintik mata berwarna merah didekat flagelnya. Bila ada cahaya tersebut.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Hewan Berongga (Coelenterata)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hewan berongga seperti ubur- ubur memiliki sel- sel pigmen dan sel sensori yang peka tehadap cahay serta sejumlah tentakel sebagai alat peraba.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sintem Indra pada Hewan Lunak (Mollusca)</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Bekicot mempunyai dua pasang antena. Pada sepasang antenna yang panjang, diujungnya terdapat mata sebagai indra penglihatan, sedangkan sepasang antena yang pendek berfungsi sebagai indera peraba.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">4.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Cacing Pipih</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cacing pipih, contohnya planaria memiliki sepasang bintik mata pada bagian interior tubuhnya. Bintik mata tersebut sangat peka terhadap rangsangan cahaya. Planaria cenderung bergerak menjahui cahaya.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">5.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Cacing Tanah</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Cacing tanah memiliki indera penerima rangsangan yang cukup baik. Indera tersebut berada di permukaan tubuhnya dan hanya mampu membedakan gelap terang. Sel- sel yang sesitif terhadap rangsangan cahaya tersebut di lapisan kulit bagian dorsal,(atas), terutama pada bagian anterior (depan). Cacing tanah cenderung bergerak menjauhi cahaya. Cacing tanah juga peka terhadap rangsangan- rangsangan sentuhan, zat- zat kimia, dan suhu.</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">6.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span></b><b style="background: transparent; border: none; font-size: 14.49px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Sistem Indra pada Serangga</span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> Serangga memiliki indera penglihatan berupa mata tunggal (oseli), mata majemuk (mata faset) dan ada pula yang memiliki keduanya. Mata tunggal umumnya berbentuk segitiga, mata majemuk terdiri dari ribuan alat penerima rangsangan cahaya yang disebut <b style="background: transparent; border: none; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Omatidium.</b> Setiap omatidiun terdiri dari lensa, sel konus, pigmen, sel fotoreseptor, dan jatuh tegak lurus pada lensa.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Apabila dibagi kedalam kelompok alat indera, maka dapat kita bagi kedalam tiga grup kelompok, yakni :</span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">1.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Kemoreseptor</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yaitu alat indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan zat kimia yaitu indera pembau (hidung) dan indera pengecap (lidah).Penciuman, penghiduan, atau olfaksi, adalah penangkapan atau perasaan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Bau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Perasaan ini dimediasi oleh sel sensor tespesialisasi pada </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rongga_hidung&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Rongga hidung (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">rongga hidung</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrata" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Vertebrata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">vertebrata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, dan dengan analogi, sel sensor pada</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antena" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Antena"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">antena</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrata" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Invertebrata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">invertebrata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Untuk hewan penghirup udara, </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistem_olfaktori&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Sistem olfaktori (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sistem olfaktori</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> mendeteksi</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zat_kimia" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Zat kimia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">zat kimia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asiri&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Asiri (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">asiri</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> atau, pada kasus sistem olfaktori aksesori, fase </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cair" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Cair"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cair</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Pada organisme yang hidup di </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Air"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">air</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, seperti </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Ikan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">ikan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> atau </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krustasea" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Krustasea"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">krustasea</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, zat kimia terkandung pada medium air di sekitarnya.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Penciuman, seperti halnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengecapan" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pengecapan"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pengecapan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, adalah suatu bentuk</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kemosensor&action=edit&redlink=1" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kemosensor (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kemosensor</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Zat kimia yang mengaktifkan sistem olfaktori, biasanya dalam konsentrasi yang sangat kecil, disebut dengan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bau" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Bau"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">bau</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">2.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Mekanoreseptor</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yaitu alata indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan gaya berat, tegangan suara dan tekanan yakni indera peraba (kulit) dan indera pendengaran (telinga). Pendengaran adalah kemampuan untuk mengenali </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suara" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Suara"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">suara</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Dalam </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manusia" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Manusia"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">manusia</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatang_bertulang_belakang" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Binatang bertulang belakang"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">binatang bertulang belakang</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, hal ini dilakukan terutama oleh sistem pendengaran yang terdiri dari</span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telinga" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Telinga"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">telinga</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">, syaraf-syaraf, dan </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otak" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Otak"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">otak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Tidak semua suara dapat dikenali oleh semua binatang. Beberapa spesies dapat mengenali amplitudo dan frekuensi tertentu. Manusia dapat mendengar dari 20 </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertz" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Hertz"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Hz</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> sampai 20.000 Hz. Bila dipaksa mendengar frekuensi yang terlalu tinggi terus menerus, sistem pendengaran dapat menjadi rusak.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: Georgia, Utopia, "Palatino Linotype", Palatino, serif; font-size: 14.49px; line-height: 28.98px; margin: 0cm 0cm 0.0001pt 54pt; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt; vertical-align: baseline;">
<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">3.<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Photoreseptor/ Fotoreseptor</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Yaitu alat indera yang merespon terhadap rangsangan cahaya seperti indera penglihatan atau mata. Penglihatan adalah kemampuan untuk mengenali </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahaya" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Cahaya"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cahaya</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> dan menafsirkannya, salah satu dari </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indra" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Indra"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">indra</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">. Alat tubuh yang digunakan untuk melihat adalah </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Mata"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">mata</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">.</span></span></div>
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<span style="margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">Banyak binatang yang indra penglihatannya tidak terlalu tajam dan menggunakan indra lain untuk mengenali lingkungannya, misalnya </span><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendengaran" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Pendengaran"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">pendengaran</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"> untuk </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman", serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 32px; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelelawar" style="color: #993322; margin: 0px; outline: none; padding: 0px; text-decoration-line: none; vertical-align: baseline;" title="Kelelawar">kelelaw</a>ar.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.49px; text-indent: 36pt;">Sumber: http://aimarpr.blogspot.co.id/2018/03/pendengaran-pada-hewan.html</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 14.49px; text-indent: 36pt;">Sumber : http://ihsannurramadhani.blogspot.co.id/2018/03/pendengaran-pada-hewan.html</span></div>
Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-85499778591171145232018-03-26T19:09:00.001-07:002018-03-26T19:09:35.938-07:00Mekanisme Mendengar pada Manusia dan HewanMEKANISME PENDENGARAN MANUSIA<div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">MEKANISME PENDENGARAN PADA MANUSIA</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><b>Telinga Merupakan Alat Pendengaran, </b>Sebagai sebuah alat pendengaran <i>Telinga</i> dapat menangkap bunyi dalam bentuk gelombang suara. Jadi apa yang kita dengar adalah sebuah gelombang yang mempunyai getaran. Yang ditangkap oleh otak kita hanyalah sebuah getaran kemudian otak kita akan menerjemahkan apa yang ia dapat sehingga kita dapat mengetahui apa dan darimana suara itu terjadi.<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="more"></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Kita dapat mendengar bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi 20—20.000 Hz. Gelombang bunyi yang masuk melalui liang telinga akan menggetarkan gendang telinga. Gendang telinga meneruskan getaran bunyi ke tulang-tulang pendengaran sehingga turut bergetar. Getaran ini masuk ke telinga dalam melalui tingkap jorong dan menggetarkan cairan (<b>perilimfa</b> dan <b>endolimfa</b>) di dalam klokea. <a name='more'></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Akhinya, diteruskan ke tingkap bundar. Tekanan gelombang dari cairan di dalam koklea menyebabkan sel-sel rambut sensoris pada organ korti yang berimpitan dengan selaput basilar untuk bergesekan dengan membran tektorial. Hasil dari gerakan sel-sel rambut sensoris menyebabkan sel sensoris mengalami depolanisasi. Di sini getaran bunyi diubah menjadi impuls saraf sehingga menimbulkan potensial aksi yang disalurkan melalui cabang-cabang saraf pendengaran menuju ke otak.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img alt="Jelaskan Mekanisme Proses Mendengar pada Manusia?" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhT940y3jnhH4aAV7_rl23seMp6gta1ilSc79Ul6gCCXrp6gaBz7d4-GfwhN4pfRtCwXPC4itJ4Q4Wpj0TWJNT8cmZfjszgBtjSwy_fCeWy_RkDZjlXI9RRW9UAP7Mi7P02g1Ny24uhzZNp/s320/proses+mendengar.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px;" width="320" /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">1) Gelombang bunyi diterima <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">daun telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />2) Gelombang bunyi disalurkan masuk oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">liang telinga.</b><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />3) Gelombang bunyi menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">gendang telinga</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />4) Getaran tersebut diteruskan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tulang-tulang pendengaran</b> (<i style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">osikel</b></i>).<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />5) Getaran diteruskan ke <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">tingkat jorong</b> dan menggetarkan <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">cairan limfe</b> di dalam <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">kokhlea</b>.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />6) Getaran cairan limfe di dalam kokhlea menggerakkan <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">sel reseptor organ korti</b>, yang menghasilkan impuls untuk dihantarkan oleh <b style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-variant-numeric: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;"><u style="border: 0px; font-stretch: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-variant: inherit; font-weight: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; vertical-align: baseline;">saraf pendengar ke otak</u></b> untuk diartikan.<br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" />7) Getaran cairan limfe juga menggerakkan tingkap bulat bergerak keluar masuk untuk mengatur tekanan udara di dalam agar seimbang dengan tekanan di luar.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><img height="120" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix7itzXHBGW9V-JDdrILJISGS3mW6xE__vK_V_OBN4Hm-0ygj5D6uvZv3BLXZMuRqjZeO_nJElwaR4sdTVuaSnOG8Hrl93cUbLUvmZ3MhdiVG5l1SfF4-foX0arvzqRvHADOz1SZ8FbLBS/s640/proses+mendengar+pada+telinga.JPG" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; border: 1px solid rgb(235, 235, 235); box-shadow: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1) 1px 1px 5px; padding: 5px;" width="640" /></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">Bunyi yang dapat didengar oleh manusia adalah bila bunyi tersebut mempunyai frekuensi antara 20 - 20 000 getaran/ detik (Hz).</span><br style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;" /><div style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13.2px;">
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Sumber :</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/mekanisme-proses-pendengaran-telinga.html" style="color: #818181; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.artikelsiana.com/2014/10/mekanisme-proses-pendengaran-telinga.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/jelaskan-mekanisme-proses-mendengar-pada-manusia.html" style="color: #818181; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.berpendidikan.com/2015/10/jelaskan-mekanisme-proses-mendengar-pada-manusia.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><a href="http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-atau-pendengaran.html" style="color: #818181; text-decoration-line: none;">http://www.benuailmu.com/2014/08/mekanisme-mendengar-atau-pendengaran.html</a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="YOUTUBE-iframe-video" data-thumbnail-src="https://i.ytimg.com/vi/lNJrHpdLtq0/0.jpg" frameborder="0" height="266" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/lNJrHpdLtq0?feature=player_embedded" width="320"></iframe></span></div>
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Sumber : http://salsabilashofiakmalia.blogspot.co.id/2017/03/mekanisme-pendengaran-pada-manusia.html</div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-4785631203661259078.post-86815837626773870482018-03-26T19:04:00.002-07:002018-03-26T19:04:54.012-07:00Getaran, Gelombang, dan Bunyi<b>BUNYI </b><br />
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Gelombang bunyi dalam fisika. Pada kesempatan kali ini kita akan membahas tentang gelombang bunyi. Kebanyakan orang menyebut bunyi dengan suara. Bunyi merupakan sebuah gelombang mekanik longitudinal yang dihasilkan oleh getaran benda dan dirambatkan melalui medium (zat perantara) dengan frekuensi pada batas pendengaran. Medium tersebut dapat berupa zat cair, padat dan gas, sehingga gelombang bunyi dapat merambat melalui air, batu bara bahkan udara. Gelombang bunyi dapat dihasilkan oleh benda yang bergetar dan getaran tersebut dinamakan sumber bunyi. Contohnya selaput suara, gendang, senar, sayap yang bergetar. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa syarat terjadi dan terdengarnya bunyi ada tiga yaitu sumber bunyi, zat perantara dan pendengar. Pada umumnya, bunyi mempunyai tiga sifat yaitu merambat membutuhkan medium, bunyi merupakan gelombang longitudional serta dapat dipantulkan.<a name='more'></a></div>
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A. Cepat Rambat Bunyi</div>
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Cepat rambat bunyi merupakan hasil bagi jarak antara sumber bunyi dan pendengar dengan selang waktu yang dibutuhkan bunyi untuk merambat. Umumnya, perambatan bunyi paling baik yaitu pada zat padat sedangkan paling buruk pada gas. Pada udara, bunyi dapat merambat dengan kecepatan 1.224 km/jam. Bunyi dapat merambat lebih lambat jika suhu dan tekanan udara lebih rendah. Misalnya pada udara dingin dengan ketinggian lebih dari 11 km, kecepatan bunyi sekitar 1.000 km/jam. Sedangkan di air bunyi kecepatan rambat bunyi yaitu 5.400 km/jam sehingga bunyi akan lebih cepat merambat jika dibandingkan dengan di udara.</div>
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Gelombang bunyi dibatasi oleh jangkauan frekuensi. Berdasarkan frekuensinya, bunyi dapat dibedakan menjadi tiga jenis yaitu :</div>
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<li style="cursor: default;">Infrasonik merupakan sebuah gelombang bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi di bawah 20 Hz. Makhluk hidup yang dapat mendengar bunyi infrasonik adalah anjing, jangkrik angsa dan kuda</li>
<li style="cursor: default;">Audiosonik merupakan sebuah gelombang bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi antara 20 Hz – 20.000 Hz. Makhluk hidup yang dapat mendengar bunyi audiosonik adalah manusia</li>
<li style="cursor: default;">Ultrasonik merupakan sebuah gelombang bunyi yang memiliki frekuensi diatas 20.000 Hz. Makhluk hidup yang dapat mendengar bunyi ultrasonik adalah kelelawar dan lumba-lumba.</li>
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B. Karakteristik Bunyi</div>
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Selain memiliki sifat, gelombang bunyi juga memiliki karakteristik atau ciri-ciri bunyi. Karakteristik bunyi tersebut antara lain :</div>
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1. Nada</div>
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Nada merupakan sebuah bunyi yang frekuensinya teratur, seperti bunyi alat musik. Desah merupakan sebuah bunyi yang frekuensinya tidak teratur, contohnya bunyi daun tertiup angin dan gemuruh ombak laut. Dentum merupakan bunyi yang berlangsung sangat singkat tetapi kadang-kadang sangat kuat dan terdengar mendadak, contohnya bunyi meriam. Tinggi rendahnya nada itu tergantung pada frekuensi, sedangkan kuat lemahnya nada ditentukan oleh amplitudo.</div>
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2. Warna Bunyi (Timbre)</div>
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Warna bunyi merupakan sebuah bunyi yang diterima oleh alat pendengaran yang berdasarkan sumber getarannya. Sumber getaran yang berbeda tersebut akan menghasilkan bentuk gelombang bunyi yang berbeda pula. Hal tersebut dapat menyebabkan nada sama yang berasal dari dua sumber getaran yang berbeda pada telinga manusia terhadap bunyi.</div>
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3. Kuat Bunyi</div>
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Kuat lemah bunyi tergantung pada kondisi gelombang bunyi yang diterima oleh telinga manusia berdasarkan amplitudo. Amplitudo merupakan simpangan maksimum yang artinya simpangan terjauh gelombang dari titik setimbangnya. Semakin besar amplitudo maka bunyi juga semakin kuat sehingga berbahaya bagi alat pendengaran. Tetapi sebaliknya jika amplitudonya kecil maka bunyi akan melemah sehingga bunyi tidak dapat terdengar.</div>
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4. Hukum Mersenne</div>
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Frekuensi Dawai yang bergetar tergantung pada beberapa faktor, antara lain :</div>
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<li>Panjang dawai, jika semakin pendek dawai maka semakin tinggi frekuensi yang dihasilkan</li>
<li>Tegangan dawai, jika semakin tegang dawai maka frekuensinya semakin tinggi</li>
<li>Massa jenis bahan dawai, jika semakin besar massa jenisnya maka frekuensinya semakin rendah</li>
<li>Penampang dawai, jika semakin besar luas penampangnya maka frekuensinya akan semakin rendah</li>
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C. Resonansi</div>
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Resonansi merupakan peristiwa ikut bergetarnya suatu benda ketika benda lain disampingnya digetarkan. Syarat terjadinya resonansi adalah frekuensi benda yang bergetar sama dengan frekuensi alami benda yang ikut bergetar. Peristiwa resonansi dapat mengalami kerugian yaitu :</div>
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<li>Dentuman bom atau mesin pesawat supersonic yang dapat memecahkan kaca jendela bangunan</li>
<li>Pengaruh angin pada resonansi menyebabkan jembatan gantung roboh</li>
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D. Pemantulan Bunyi</div>
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Hukum pemantulan bunyi yaitu :</div>
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<li style="cursor: default;">Bunyi datang, bunyi pantul dan garis normal terletak pada satu bidang datar</li>
<li style="cursor: default;">Besar sudut datang sama dengan besar sudut pantul</li>
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Terdapat tiga macam bunyi pantul, yaitu :</div>
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<li style="cursor: default;">Bunyi pantul memperkuat bunyi asli merupakan bunyi pantul yang dapat memperkuat bunyi asli. Hal tersebut biasanya terjadi pada keadaan antara sumber bunyi dan dinding pantul yang memiliki jarak yang tidak begitu jauh atau dengan jarak kurang lebih 10 meter</li>
<li style="cursor: default;">Gaung (Kerdam) merupakan sebagian bunyi pantul bersamaan dengan bunyi asli sehingga dapat menyebabkan bunyi asli tidak terdengar dengan jelas. Biasanya hal ini terjadi pada jarak antara 10 – 20 meter</li>
<li style="cursor: default;">Gema merupakan bunyi pantul yang terdengar setelah bunyi asli. Hal tersebut biasanya terjadi pada jarak lebih dari 20 meter</li>
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Manfaat gelombang bunyi yaitu :</div>
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<li>Mengetahui jarak suatu benda yang ada di sekitarnya</li>
<li>Mendeteksi keretakan logam di dalam tanah</li>
<li>Digunakan untuk mengukur kedalam laut. Biasanya menggunakan bunyi ultrasonik</li>
<li>Digunakan dalam bidang kedokteran, misalnya untuk mendeteksi janin dalam rahim. Biasanya menggunakan bunyi infrasonik</li>
<li>Telah diciptakannya sebuah speaker yang memanfaatkan bunyi audiosonik</li>
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Sumber : https://ensiklozone.blogspot.co.id/2016/09/artikel-lengkap-gelombang-bunyi-dalam.html</div>
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